John Keats Essay

In John Keats â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale,† answer the following: Identify some Romantic quality about this poem. Explicate. This may require that you provide an example from the work. I feel that there is a â€Å"romantic quality† to Stanza 2. This stanza goes: 2. O, for a draught of vintage! that hath been Cool’d a long age in the deep-delved earth, Tasting of Flora and the country green Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt Mirth! O for a beaker full of the warm South, Full of the true, the blushful Hyppocrene, With beaded bubbles winking at the brim, And purple-stained mouth; That I might drink; and leave the world unseen. And with thee fade away into the forest dim: (Poetical, 2005) To me, it seems that the poet is now moving into a world of fantasy, a state the vintage can help bring him into, a pleasurable state of Mirth. He wants to join the nightingale and he uses vintage to take him there. In stanza 2, the reader begins to see and feel the images of â€Å"the country green, Dance, and Provencal song†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It all can have a romantic, fantasy quality to it. All of the visual images along with sunburnt Mirth combines to bring the poet and the reader into what could be thought of as a romantic state of drunkenness. In John Keats â€Å"Eve of St. Agnes,† answer the following: 1. Who is the Beadsman, and what part does he play in the story? It is the Beadsman’s penance to tell Madeline the superstition of St. Agnes Eve. The Beadsman is alone and cold in the chapel praying for the Baron and his friends who are partying. In these days Beadsman were paid to pray for their employer. This brings irony to the poem in that one might think The Beadsman needs the prayers or should be praying for himself. The Beadsman rejects life’s joys. The Beadsman dies this very evening as relayed in the last two lines of the poem (Stanza 42). It could also be noted the Beadsman introduces the religious imagery into the poem when he enters and ends the religious imagery when his part is over. At the beginning of the poem the Beadsman knows his deathbell has rung and indeed it is confirmed by the end of the poem. 2. Why does Angela die? Both Angela and the Beadsman died quietly of old age after witnessing the lovers fleeing into the storm. They played their part and â€Å"exited† the poem. 3. Study the last stanza: do the lovers live happily ever after? What is Keats` point? We don’t really know—it is ambiguous. It states, â€Å"These lovers fled away into the storm† (Stanza 42). I feel that because Keats believed in negative capability or that people have the ability to accept that not everything has to be resolved, he was just allowing the reader to decide rather than writing a trite, obvious ending. It could have also been that Keats didn’t want to end the dream or it to be clearly distinguishable the idea of this being a dream or reality. 4. Do the characters succeed in practicing negative capability? Yes, I feel the characters did succeed in practicing negative capability in that not everything in the poem was resolved for the characters or for the readers. Some of those questions there were no rational explanations for included: was Madeline raped? Why doesn’t Angela tell Madeline that Porphyro was hiding in her closet? Did Madeline and Porphyro die in the storm or live happily ever after? What part of this poem was a dream and what part of it was reality?  Reference (2005). The poetical works of John Keats. Retrieved May 17, 2007, from Great Books Online Web site: http://www. bartleby. com/126/40. html.

The History Of The Food Choice Negotiations Education Essay

To offer a representation of the organic nutrient pick procedure based on the findings of this survey, a conceptual theoretical account was drawn up ( Figure 1 ) . The theoretical account consists of 4 cardinal concepts ( personal properties, personal context, nutrient values and external influences ) that contribute to the factors involved in nutrient pick dialogues. Food brushs vary harmonizing to single experiences. These experiences are enriched as life style, age and personal demands alteration over clip. Based on experiences shared by participants on their nutrient pick behavior, the alteration in nutrient picks based on age and careful considerations due to income capacity was noted in nutrient pick considerations. Though minimum mentions associating gender types to organic nutrient pick were highlighted, the function that adult females played as cardinal nutrient pick shapers showed its impact on organic nutrient pick. In this survey, the undermentioned facets of personal context peculiarly the individuality assumed by participants was noted to act upon organic nutrient picks made. To exemplify the procedures involved in organic nutrient pick, factors of influence identified were evaluated for similar effects based on its properties and the nature of its impact. Common factors were categorised into subjects and labelled consequently. Based on the combined findings obtained from the impact of factors of influence, nutrient pick dialogue spiels and organic nutrient perceptual experiences and attitudes, a representation of the organic nutrient pick procedure was developed. A theoretical account picturing the flow of organic nutrient pick was proposed and used to depict the procedure of organic nutrient pick happening among Singaporeans. Choices made sing organic nutrients, like other nutrient types are based on attitudes and perceptual experiences held towards it. These form ideas about organic nutrient that guide involvement degrees and purchase purpose. When sing organic nutrient picks, several factors of influence are known to be involved in the dialogue procedure. These factors are deliberated at changing degrees depending on its associated grade of significance. In placing the factors of influence involved in organic nutrient pick, themes extracted from participants ‘ conversations were evaluated for common togss and categorised for a better representation of its influence. The following are the thematic groups categorised based on the assorted factors of influence. An analysis of motives for and against organic nutrient pick was conducted through interviews with participants. The interviews offered a deeper apprehension of organic nutrient perceptual experiences as participants shared in item the assorted considerations and value fond regards involved in organic nutrient determination devising. The significance of values is evident as participants often focused on selected grounds for involvement or deficiency of involvement in organic nutrients. Value dialogues emerge in the conversations as participants attempt to warrant their sentiments and judgements on organic nutrient within the local context. This uncovers cardinal values involved in organic nutrient pick considerations and provides the footing for farther probe. Value dialogues were observed in many participants ‘ nutrient pick considerations. The demand to run into demands, fulfill demands and satisfy penchants guided value considerations. Valuess were re-evaluated for prioritisation to simplify determinations. Lowered outlooks held for certain values were besides noted in accomplishing desired results in concluding determinations. In the procedure of nutrient dialogue, several schemes were adopted by participants in their efforts to decide value struggles happening during organic nutrient pick considerations. These schemes involved equilibrating Acts of the Apostless such as irregular purchase or purchase of limited assortments of organic nutrients and prioritisation of values harmonizing to state of affairss. Based on this survey, similar values in struggle were observed among several participants in changing state of affairss. Common values such as affordability, wellness, nutrient safety and convenience often dominated nutrient pick considerations peculiarly with respects to organic nutrient pick. These common values including others that were invovled in nutrient dialogues among participants were identified as nucleus values responsible for organic nutrient pick considerations. Assorted factors of influence impacting organic nutrient pick were described by participants in this interview. The impact of these factors ranged from personal context, merchandise offerings to the consequence of external influences. Participants shared on what organic nutrients offered them, concentrating on merchandise properties and the impact external influences had on their picks. Percepts of organic nutrient were besides noted as participants describe their sentiments and experienced with organic nutrient. Their attitude towards organic nutrient was noted as they shared on the impact of external factors on their determination to buy organic nutrient. Reasons for involvement and disinterest in organic nutrient highlighted participant ‘s attitudes towards organic nutrient pick. Reasons for involvement in organic nutrient revolved around the benefits conferred by the merchandise attributes of organic nutrient. Naturalness, higher alimentary belongingss and enhanced centripetal entreaty of organic nutrient were responsible for increased involvement in organic merchandises. These properties besides formed the footing for conditional purchase of organic nutrients for several participants. The function of participants in life, peculiarly as household members and parents were seen to play an of import portion in nutrient pick determination devising. The individuality adopted in assorted state of affairss guided the values sought for when sing nutrient picks and organic nutrient was considered based on carry throughing cardinal values such as wellness and nutrient safety. For some participants, changing involvement degrees in organic nutrients was influenced by external influences such as handiness of organic merchandises, handiness of organic shops, societal influences and cost. Interestingly, deficiency of involvement in organic nutrients was besides attributed by similar external influences every bit good. These were considered under conditional fortunes and weighed based on single capacity and demands. The factors of influence identified were deliberated against personal nutrient values held by participants. These nutrient values played important functions in the considerations made towards organic nutrients picks. In contemplating the organic nutrient pick, personal nutrient values of nutrient safety, wellness, entreaty, ethical belief, trust, cognition, relationships, affordability and convenience were used as criterions against which organic nutrients were measured. Measurement of organic nutrient was reflected in the ability to run into single ‘s demands, household demands and ends of ingestion.III Food pick dialoguesScripts related to personal nutrient values and factors of influence were closely examined for happenings of outlooks, comparings, need fulfillment and balancing Acts of the Apostless taking topographic point as people considered organic nutrients. Using discourse analysis, a thorough scrutiny of selected books was conducted to foreground value dialogues happ ening as participants weigh their demands against the merchandise offerings of organic nutrient. As participants consider their picks in visible radiation of on-going external influences such as the local nutrient context, resource capacities and societal dealingss, schemes adopted to make a balanced point of view or considered determination are uncovered. These schemes and dialogue forms offer a clearer apprehension of the nutrient pick procedure involved for organic nutrient merchandises. Organic nutrient pick determinations are motivated by personal values which are embedded in nutrient experiences encountered in society. These personal nutrient values are formed harmonizing to people ‘s beliefs, demands and desires sing nutrient. These values are negotiated and compromised to bring forth a balance position that guides the perceptual experience and attitude of organic nutrients. To better understand the procedure of organic nutrient pick, a closer scrutiny of how personal nutrient values are considered in nutrient pick determinations was conducted. Below are selected remarks taken from interview books to exemplify the diverse and complex value dialogues that occur in organic nutrient pick considerations. In the first section of the interview session, participants were requested to portion their experiences and ideas on their current nutrient wonts. They were guided towards ideas on their nutrient pick behaviors such as types of nutrients preferred, common wonts when taking for nutrients, topographic points of purchase and willingness to seek new nutrient types. As these were approximately general nutrients wonts, it facilitated easiness of sharing. Understanding nutrient pick habits offers a broader position of the nutrient pick considerations of Singaporeans. Participants were so asked to portion on celebrated alterations in nutrient wonts happening in across their life. Food wonts and its alterations in life revealed factors of importance that influenced nutrient pick determinations. These besides offered insight into the personal nutrient values held by participants as organic nutrient picks were contemplated. Food pick behavior of participants in this survey were besides evaluated based on their involvement degrees in organic nutrients, penchant towards nutrient picks and experiences with nutrient. Due to the little figure of participants in this survey, findings from this analysis reflect some of the nutrient pick behavior of Singaporeans. Food pick wonts At the beginning of the interview, participants were requested to portion their nutrient purchasing wonts and purpose of purchase. Participants shared that nutrient picks made were based on nutrient beginning dependability, quality merchandises such as freshness, long term storage, pleasingness and good looking merchandises. Food picks were besides dependent on cooking manners peculiarly Asiatic cookery manners and culinary art. Food options revolved around handiness of merchandises suited for the coveted culinary art. Most participants mentioned trying to choose for healthy nutrient picks which included more veggies, whole nutrients and less processed nutrients. With respects to participants purchase purposes, run intoing wellness demands for betterment of current wellness status, recovery from unwellnesss and wellness bar intents were cited as cardinal considerations in nutrient picks made. This was peculiarly noted among nutrient picks made by participants with kids. Food picks were besides made based on kids ‘s gustatory sensation involvement and demands. Another ground mentioned for involvement in wellness nutrient wonts was involvement in fittingness. Several participants shared on their alterations in eating wonts based on involvement in losing weight, remaining tantrum and qui vive. The exposure to information on alternate nutrient picks such as organic nutrient was reported as grounds for alterations noted in nutrient picks. Increased handiness of information through the local media, health-related magazines and web site had raised people ‘s consciousness on populating a healthy life style. With the ability to do more informed nutrient pick determinations, alterations in nutrient choice wonts were mentioned. Past experiences with nutrient was observed to impact involvement in nutrient and affected nutrient picks over clip. The influence of parents on eating wonts was described by some participants as holding a permanent consequence on their nutrient picks. Some shared on wellness witting eating picks encouraged by parents while others mentioned limitations experienced in nutrient picks made by their parents. Some participants shared on their alterations in eating wonts as they transited from young person to adulthood. During young person, less attending was paid to wellness and picks were made to fulfill gustatory sensation and appetency. With age and higher disbursement power, more nutrient options were accessible. It was noted among several participants that with age, involvement in wellness consciousness was increased therefore taking to greater focal point on wellness nutrient options. Food experiences encountered during interaction with friends and people from assorted backgrounds were besides shared by participants. Some participants shared on their alterations in nutrient wonts after exposure to alternative nutrient beginnings such as organic nutrients during their stay overseas and the influence of interaction with organic nutrient advocators. Interest in organic nutrients Interest degrees in organic nutrients varied among participants for different grounds. Eighty-eight per centum of participants interviewed in this survey purchased organic nutrients at least one time a twelvemonth ( 16 purchased hebdomadally, 20 purchased at least one time a twelvemonth and 5 ne'er purchased organic nutrients ) . Participants who were interested in organic nutrients had positive experiences based on past organic nutrient ingestion and tests. Some were motivated by wellness grounds or were encouraged by friends and household. For others, involvement in organic nutrients was dependent on merchandise entreaty, temper, increasing presence of alternate picks. Curiosity and willingness to seek new types of nutrient were besides attributed to increasing involvement in organic nutrient merchandises. Some participants shared that organic nutrient pick had become a lifestyle alteration and continual involvement in organic nutrient as a nutrient wont was maintained through expo sure to more information on natural and organic nutrients. Those interested in organic nutrient exhibited personalities such as willingness to seek new nutrient types and openness to information about alternate nutrient types. Health witting behaviors, healthy feeding picks and willingness to go in hunt of healthy nutrient options were besides features described by those interested in devouring organic nutrients. Lack of involvement was noted in 12 % of participants who were deterred from buying organic nutrients due to common wonts of buying certain nutrient types, deficiency of a compelling ground to pass more on organic nutrients, big assortment of non-organic nutrient options available, absence of involvement, minimum apprehension of the benefits of organic nutrients, handiness and cost issues. Some participants shared that their deficiency of involvement was based on the absence of sufficient informations to turn out the benefits of organic nutrient promised. Higher cost and limited assortment available added to the neutrality experienced. Those who lack involvement in organic nutrients or ne'er considered organic nutrient options described themselves as non being adventuresome in seeking new nutrient types and preferred to adhere to habitual nutrient options. Some considered themselves conservative feeders while others were apathetic to new nutrient options due to past nutrient wonts. Drumhead Food pick behaviors are based on people ‘s wonts and involvement in nutrient. In this survey, participants shared their nutrient wonts, experiences and alterations observed over time.rephrase Interest in factors related to merchandise properties, run intoing the demands of peculiar culinary art and wellness attention were some of the cardinal focal point of nutrient pick. Fitness attention and involvement in carry throughing kids ‘s demands were besides cited as purchase purposes among participants. External factors that affected alterations in eating wonts included exposure to information on healthy nutrient picks, increased income capacity and societal exchanges on nutrient experiences. Age alteration was besides another factor shared by several participants that impacted nutrient picks made peculiarly in position of continuing wellness. Reasons for involvement and disinterest in organic nutrients reveal to us certain factors which are valued in people ‘s nutrient considerations. Interest in organic nutrients was seen to be motivated by wellness consciousness, merchandise entreaty and benefits offered by alternate nutrient picks. Issues refering to handiness, cost and deficiency of sufficient information were cited as grounds for neutrality in organic nutrients. Examination of participants ‘ nutrient wonts, behaviors and involvement in nutrients reveal cardinal motive factors that influence nutrient picks. An rating of these factors would supply grounds for its significance in nutrient pick peculiarly towards organic nutrient pick. It besides highlights assorted personal nutrient values sought for in nutrient determinations. In subsequent analysis, a closer probe of these factors would be conducted as participants portion their positions on organic nutrients.II Factors of influence and perceptual experiences of organic nutrientIn the undermentioned section of the interview, participants were requested to portion freely on their ideas about organic nutrients including what it means to them and if they considered buying organic nutrients. Participants were asked to portion their sentiments and their grounds for involvement or disinterest in organic nutrient. Common themes related to organic nutrient pick were identified utilizing a combi nation of conventional and directed analysis methods. Emerging subjects from interview books were corroborated with findings from similar research on organic nutrient pick. The subjects were so evaluated for its relevancy in organic nutrient considerations and labelled consequently under the term ‘factors of influence ‘ . These factors are believed to undergird people ‘s organic nutrient pick determinations. Interview books related to these factors of influence were extracted and analysed separately for its impact on organic nutrient pick. Using discourse analysis, books refering to each factor of influence were closely examined for its significance and part to organic nutrient pick determinations. Organic nutrient perceptual experiences and attitudes are formed through assorted influences including personal experiences with nutrient and external affects through societal interactions. The formation of perceptual experiences and attitudes occur over clip as people indulge in exposure to more information on nutrient and regular contact with the local nutrient environment. In this survey, participants shared their perceptual experiences and attitudes to organic nutrient as they deliberated nutrient picks through their conversations. Their perceptual experiences on organic nutrients are revealed as they refer to assorted factors of influence that play a portion in their determinations.

Compensation and Benefits Strategies Essay

Employees are worth more than their hourly wage, even though, that is typically all that is considered by an employee while looking for a new job or considering a move to a different job or employer. Employers see employees as much more than the hourly or salary that they are offered to do a specific job. The benefits package that employers offer to employees is worth a substantial amount of money. Health insurance, life insurance, disability insurance and other benefits, and even some discount programs are part of the entire compensation and benefits package. Employers, and employees alike, need to understand and educate themselves on the added value they have by looking at the entire compensation and benefits package and comparing it to other companies before taking a position for a higher hourly or salaried rate. Centura Health is evaluated throughout this paper regarding their compensation and benefits strategies. Market Evaluation Companies in competing markets need to know what their competitors are offering in terms of compensation and benefits packages so that they are able to stay current with what other organizations are offering their employees. Researching and understanding the compensation and benefits of competitors is a vital process in hiring and recruiting new employees from the regular job market of employees and when trying to recruit employees away from their current employer. Understanding the compensation structure of your own company, and of your competitors, will make evaluating the current structure easier and then making it more appealing to employees wanting to be employed by the organization will be a more informed decision making process. Centura Health, Kaiser Permanente, and the University of Colorado Hospital will be reviewed. Centura Health Centura Health is one of the largest employers in Colorado. Centura Health’s website states, â€Å"Centura Health takes pride in providing a comprehensive benefits package that’s designed to inspire health† (Centura Health, n.d., p. 1). Centura Health is looking for talented employees that will help them continue their mission and support their key values. Centura Health offers competitive wages, health insurance, prescription coverage, vision, and dental through their health benefits package. Centura Health offers short-term and long-term disability packages along with life insurance and accidental death insurance for an additional low fee. Centura Health offers a paid time-off (PTO) that accrues during each pay period and 401k and other retirement programs. An employee assistance program is offered by Centura Health for employees who may need counseling or a referral to a counselor to help them cope with issues in their work or home life. Centura Health also has an associate discount program that offers discounts on many services such as cell phone carriers, life, and car insurance among many other discounts. Kaiser Permanente Kaiser Permanente (KP) is another one of Colorado’s largest employers and a dominate player in hiring talented health care employees. Kaiser Permanente’s website states, â€Å"we understand that providing excellent service to our employees enables you to provide excellent service to our members. As a result, we offer a total compensation package designed to enhance the lives of you and your family member† (Kaiser Permanente, 2015, p. 1). Kaiser Permanente offers a wide range of benefits to their employees with enrollment into the KP health insurance being at the top of their list. Kaiser Permanente also offers â€Å"flexible spending accounts (FSA), health savings account (HSA), supplemental life insurance, occupational accident insurance, mental health, care, accidental death and dismemberment insurance, dental insurance, vision insurance, life insurance, disability insurance, health care on-site, and retiree health and medical† (Kaiser Permanente, 2015, p. 1). Kaiser Permanente also has other benefits under the following categories for employees, financial and retirement, family and parenting, vacation and time off, perks and discounts, and professional support. All of these categories expand into additional areas of benefits  to employees. The University of Colorado Hospital The University of Colorado Hospital is also one of Colorado largest employers in healthcare. The University of Colorado Hospitals (UCH) website states, â€Å"We are proud to provide competitive and comprehensive health and welfare benefits as part of our Total Rewards program† (University of Colorado Health, 2014, p. 3). The University of Colorado Hospital, like the previous employers, offer a medical health plan, life insurance, accidental death and dismemberment insurance, short and long-term disability insurances, and dental and vision plans. The UCH offers a dependent day care spending account (DCSA) to their employees to help pay the cost of day care with tax-free dollars. The UCH also offers their employees the ability to sign up for a group legal plan. The University of Colorado Hospitals benefit enrollment guide states that their UltimateAdvisor program, â€Å"offers you a wide range of legal services to help you prevent and resolve everyday legal issues† (University of Colorado Health, 2014, p. 17). The daycare and legal programs offered by the UCH are not offered by their competitors and make them more desirable when comparing compensation and benefits packages. Compensation Structure Centura Health uses an annual employee review system called Performance, Feedback, and Development (PFD) to review employees to determine if they are eligible for a yearly raise. This process involves the employee rating themselves on how they are meeting their job performance in accordance with Centura’s seven core values. The seven core values are compassion, respect, integrity, spirituality, stewardship, imagination, and excellence (Centura Health, n.d., p. 1). This process is time intensive and cumbersome for employees and managers to sit down and write scenarios and narratives for these values. Employees skip the self-assessment section by doing the bare minimum of just checking the auto-populated response available to meet their required timeline for turning in the assessment. Market Position Centura Health’s market position falls into the large-sized companies. Centura Health employs â€Å"17,100 employees and associates† (Draper, 2014, p. 1). Centura Health is expanding into a new health campus and new physician  buildings in the northern Denver Metropolitan area. Centura Health had a net income of $61.5 million â€Å"(Sealover, 2013, p. 1). Centura Health operates 15 hospitals throughout Colorado after the recent expansion into the St. Anthony North Health Campus. Compensation and Benefits Centura Health needs to stay competitive when offering their compensation and benefits package to new employees. The existing compensation package that Centura Health offers is solid and market comparable to their competitors. As Centura Health continues to expand their locations and the need for employees continues to grow it would be advised that Centura Health looks at daycare benefits to their employees with children and, to include, elderly family members who may need assistance of daycare programs as well. Centura Health promotes health and wellness throughout their system and has recently stopped hiring any employee that smokes. Employing healthier employees does several things for Centura Health. Sick time will be reduced by hiring healthier employees, reduced profit loss by having more employees at work than on sick time and reduced health insurance costs for both Centura Health and the employee. Work-life balance is important for Centura Health to review in their compensation and benefits packages. Centura Health can benefit from telecommuting for many administrative jobs and to support more flexible work schedules for employees who need to start earlier or later and can stay for the full shift amount of time because of their home life requirements. Work-life balance is important to employee’s health and wellness and offering additional options into the preconceived mold of being a healthcare worker will make Centura Health a more desirable employer for the talented employees they want to employ. Performance Incentives and Merit Pay Centura Health would benefit from a reward-based program that would include bonuses, for employees who are doing the non-management and non-executive jobs. Incentive Compensation for employees creates a work environment of higher performance and competition between employees. Employees and lower level management can give each other a pat on the back for a job well done, cost savings identification or a heroic moment with a patient, but those moments are short-lived. Rewarding employees speaks volumes when trying to  create a positive work-life balance in an organization. Creating an incentive-based program that management can reward on-the-spot accomplishments creates the need to do better with the other employees in the organization. Recognizing employees for a job well done with an incentivized program using gift cards, bonuses, or additional PTO motivates others to try and receive these awards. Creating a positive competitive work environment encourages employees to strive to wo rk better, do better, and be better. Laws The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) was originally created to address issues with pension plans and did not address health, life, disability, or medical benefits. ERISA has been modified, for the most part, to address pension plans, but the medical coverage area was modified with the creation of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 (COBRA) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). COBRA was created â€Å"to provide continuation of group health coverage that otherwise might be terminated† (United States Department of Labor [USDOL], n.d., para. 1). COBRA COBRA is offered to employees who have been terminated, either voluntarily or involuntarily, without any gross misconduct or because of the reduction of work hours by the employer. COBRA is paid for out-of-pocket by the employee and at higher rate than offered through their plan when they were employed. The qualified employee must be offered identical coverage to the plan they had while employed. COBRA is usually an overly expensive option for employees that have been released from their jobs. HIPAA HIPAA is a federal law that â€Å"limits pre-existing condition exclusions, permits special enrollment when certain life or work events occur, prohibits discrimination against employees and dependents based on their health status, and guarantees availability and renewability of health coverage to certain employees and individuals† (United States Department of Labor [USDOL], n.d., para. 3). Special enrollment examples are exhaustion of COBRA benefits, marriage, and new child by birth or adoption. The employee is to be given a 30-day period to request the special enrollment option regardless of the plan’s set enrollment dates as provided by the employer. Conclusion Centura Health is one of Colorado’s largest providers of healthcare services and largest employers. Centura Health has invested in understanding the health care market so that they can provide a competitive and attractive compensation and benefits package to entice talented employees. There is a benefit to Centura Health and the employee regarding understanding the package presented to them during the hiring process so that both parties understand the worth they are gaining with employment. The compensation and benefits process for an employer is worth an in-depth review of their competitors and the market the organization is in. References Centura Health. (n.d.). Compensation, Benefits and Tuition Reimbursement. Retrieved from http://www.centura.org/careers-and-education/compensation-benefits-and-tuition-reimbursement/ Centura Health. (n.d.). Mission & Values. Retrieved from http://www.centura.org/about-us/mission-and-values/ Draper, E. (2014). Colorado hospital giant Centura Health to stop hiring tobacco users. Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_26977759/colorado-hospital-giant-centura-health-stop-hiring-tobacco Kaiser Permanente. (2015). Benefits, pay, and enrollment. Retrieved from http://www.kaiserpermanentejobs.org/employee-benefits.aspx Kaiser Permanente. (2015). Kaiser Permanente Benefits. Retrieved from http://www.glassdoor.com/Benefits/Kaiser-Permanente-US-Benefits-EI_IE19466.0,17_IL.18,20_IN1.htm Sealover, E. (2013). Denver hospitals post healthy profits. Retrieved from http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2013/05/30/denver-hospitals-post-healthy-profits.html United States Department of Labor. (n.d.). Applicable Laws, Regulations, Publications and Related Links. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/elaws/ebsa/health/7.asp United States Department of Labor. (n.d.). Frequently Asked Questions COBRA Continuation Health Coverage. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/faqs/faq_compliance_cobra.html University of

Land and property Develeopment Diary of the 'credit crunch' Essay

Land and property Develeopment Diary of the 'credit crunch' - Essay Example Thus the diminishing supply of capital is further depleted as it becomes available for immediate government consumption. There can be a credit crunch because of panic disintermediation. Panic disintermediation is the dumping (rapid sale) of securities, commodities, and other assets in a scramble over possession of the limited supply of money (cash). Portfolio managers were telling investors, and each other, that being out on the long end of the yield curve was the best hedge against a downturn in the world economy. It took only 48 hours in the real-world classroom for them to learn differently. There can be a credit crunch because of a run on the currency. This source is actually the same as that of the only difference being that there is panic liquidation of financial assets in one currency, in exchange for cash in another currency. This happened in October 1998 as the yen rose in value from Yen 131/dollar to Yen 111/dollar in less than two days (Oct. 7-8). The dollar had become less attractive relative to the yen: the Fed cut the discount rate, hedge funds unwound short yen positions, and Japanese banks and other financial institutions dumped dollar securities because they needed the capital at home (especially after the Nikkei 225 dipped below 13,000). Borrowing in yen at extremely low inte... Borrowing in yen at extremely low interest rates was considered a free lunch. Then one day the free lunch disappeared. Tiger Management, a hedge fund which had been borrowing in yen to buy dollar assets, suffered a loss of almost $2 billion on Oct. 7 due to the surge in the Japanese yen against the U.S. dollar. That was about 9 percent of the fund's value. Credit crunches used to be banking phenomena almost exclusively. No more. During the 1980s and 1990s formerly illiquid assets became more marketable or tradable. They no longer just sit on the asset side of some bank's balance sheet. "Securitization" is the process by which a collection of receivables is put together in a package, and then bonds are issued against the package. The package may be a collection (or portfolio) of credit card receivables, or automobile lease payments, or commercial mortgages, or some similar type of asset which provides "backing". Payments made to the owner of the packaged assets are then passed along, in part, as interest and principal to the bondholders. The bonds (which may have various strange and wonderful names, such as "CMOs"--collateralized mortgage obligations) trade in a secondary market, so the whole process has turned fairly illiquid items (the original credit card payments, or whatever) into tradable securities. The term "disintermediation" is also used, meaning that banks (or other financial intermediaries) are no longer the direct lenders, but rather bond purchasers become the direct lenders. Repayment to the bond investors depends on the good credit of those making payments into the asset pool (of commercial mortgages, or whatever), so that the interest payments on the bonds reflect a "credit spread" over some

ARGUMENT - ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ARGUMENT - - Essay Example Humans, as we now believe, and would not argue against it, should not live along with the beasts in the forests, but rather in their own home where their existence is protected. Humans take comfort and safety in the homes they build and live in. Modern technology, a result of an increased understanding of human existence and the natural resources that surrounds them, has provided the needed comfort that each one of us enjoys so far. These abilities to develop massive and powerful high-tech machineries made us believe that we are able to take nature in our hands as well. Maybe at some point we do, but not in the long run. Survival is natural to humans that in order to achieve this, we create laws and impose them to attain equality among humanity. However, it is not in the nature of human beings to be contented of what they already have. We tend to abuse the environment to find the contentment we are looking for. It is in our nature to wage wars, murder, as well as poison nature that in fact sustain our existence. I believe that our imperfections as human beings apply in order to make us realize that we are in no way at par with the power of nature. Wars destroy nature in such dreadful ways than we realize. Daily living conditions is a daily struggle for Mother Nature as humans pollute the air and water that is necessary for the survival of other organisms as well – in fact those that humans consume every day to sustain human life. Such horrible activities make us think that we have overpowered nature. On the other hand, if we will look into the current environmental phenomena all over the world, nature’s response to our abuse clearly shows that she is still the most powerful one. Powerful tsunamis, enormous storms, and strong earthquakes are all over the news killing thousands of people every year. Humans are left vulnerable against these disasters that strike them most particularly at times when they are least prepared. Even when they thought they

Network Implementation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Network Implementation - Coursework Example I propose the use of the security configuration wizard. This wizard will help in the disabling of unnecessary services. It also will provide advanced security support. This will be the windows firewall (Windows Server, n.d.). It is also advantageous because it can deploy group security policies. The printers in the office will be shared among the different workstations. Reason for this proposal is that with a shared printer, different printing rights and regulations can be set for the different workstations. The printing patterns of the different workstations can also be monitored. I plan to implement RAID. This is a technique of data storage. The data is saved at different locations. Usually, this is on several hard disks. The input, as well as output operations, work together in a balanced way. One advantage of using RAID is that it increases the fault tolerance of a network. This is the increase in the meantime that is between failures (MTBF). In this case, I propose the use of RAID 1. Reason for this is because it provides the best tolerance to a fault. It also is the best for environments with many users. To allow for quick migration in the business, I also propose to use Hyper-V. This will allow for business continuity (Microsoft Corporation, 2009). The technology is used as it will help improve the efficiency of the computing resources. With this technology, the server is more efficient. It is able to run several operating systems at the same time. I suggest the use of Hyper-V as there are different applications and software and that is best run from different operating systems. Thereby, it would be best if there were several of these in place ready to run simultaneously. To handle document handling and sharing, I propose the use of NAS (network attached storage). This computer will function to allow  for the sharing, storage as well as backing up of documents from any machine in the network. The technology will also allow for the syncing of data as it is updated across all the storage devices.

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Final exam - Essay Example All the models also aim at the value of national health policy to [provision of guidelines and direction for national health issues. Beveridge model emphasizes on the responsibility f the government in ownership and operation of healthcare. It also emphasizes that healthcare is a human right and should not be considered a privilege. The system encourages full access to healthcare despite the ability to pay for the services. The American model entails both the models as all the characters are observed in all the two models. The government is in charge of the healthcare similar to encouragement of private healthcare facilities. The reforms are those that are aimed at improving the healthcare that are given in the country. the reform has entailed bringing about new rights, benefits and protection that has included the that most healthcare that are on the grandparents covers preventive services that are from at least ten categories of essential health benefits. There are countries that have tried to implement the strategy and the type of system into their countries such that there is increased provision of health care to those in the country. A country such as Germany has been able to have the policy of a minimum amount of services in the country and free preventive services in its system. This is similar to the reforms that are stated in Obama care reforms. The first state of the reforms was that which was focused on United States and Europe and it mainly entailed forming the basics for compulsory governmental-run or voluntary subsidized programs on healthcare. This was in the 1900s to the 1920s. From the time, there have been initiations that focused on the campaign on by elites more concerned with caring against attacks from awareness groups than with current deployment, and common improvers in the labor, civil rights, activist, and also from AIDS activist activities have focused more on instant and incremental changes than on changing the health care

Universal truths and God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Universal truths and God - Essay Example In the essay, On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense Nietzsche expresses his views on the problem of universal truths and the belief of God as a universal truth. Nietzsche accepts that 'truth' means every idea or view. 'Truth' is exercised by people who have power and can spread it using this power. His various remarks in which terms like 'truth' and God figure can be rendered collectively coherent only if they are viewed as efforts on his part both to accept and analyze the ways in which such terms function in particular domains of discourse.Nietzsche says that something or other means truth of the world, with respect to human nature, or concerning what ordinarily passes for truth, it should not be assumed that his observations about the nature of what ordinarily passes for truth are meant to apply without qualification to these assertions. He considers the latter to have the same sort of warrant that commonplace or scientific 'truths' are suggested to have. (Leary 267). Nietzsche st ates: "every people has a similarly mathematically divided conceptual heaven above themselves and henceforth thinks that truth demands that each conceptual god be sought only within his own sphere" (Nietzsche n.d.). Nietzsche underlines the nature and scope of universal truth, the cognitive significance of perceptual experience and scientific and logical reasoning, and the conditions under which various kinds of knowledge may be considered true, means issues which cannot be settled prior to the consideration of all substantive questions. They can be dealt with properly only within the context of a general understanding of man's nature and his relation to the world, drawing upon their exploration from a variety of perspectives (Leary 270). In the sassy, Nietzsche speaks of 'truth' and 'knowledge", but these terms do not have a single sense and reference in all of their occurrences. In some cases they should be understood as they have traditionally been employed by philosophers with commitments to certain sorts of metaphysical positions of which he is highly critical (Neighbors 227). In other instances they should be understood as referring to what ordinarily passes for 'truth' or 'knowledge' among non-philosophers, and to the most that truth and knowledge can amount to in everyday or scientific affairs. "He [a man] is indifferent toward pure knowledge which has no consequences; toward those truths which are possibly harmful and destructive he is even hostilely inclined" (Nietzsche n.d.). The universal truth holds true of our 'spiritual' faculties - including our cognitive powers, no less than of our more basic functions. He does not present direct arguments for this position; but he would appear to consider at least something of the sort as a consequence of the supposition that there is no transcendent Deity. Once the existence of such a Deity is dismissed, he takes the ground cut out from under anyone who would give a non-naturalistic account of the origin and nature of any of man's faculties (Neighbors 227). There then can be no 'religious sanction and guarantee of our senses and rationality' of the sort to which Descartes and others appealed; and this renders the idea 'that thinking means a measure of actuality' a piece of 'moralistic trustfulness' which is quite without warrant. Thus he considers intellectual integrity to demand not that one refrain from presupposing anything along the lines indicated above (Neighbors 227), but rather that one make these presuppo sitions and not shrink from their consequences for various further philosophical questions, such as those arising in epistemology. "When a god in the shape of a bull can drag away maidens, when even the goddess Athena herself is suddenly seen in the company of Peisastratus then, as in a dream, anything is possible at each moment, and all of nature swarms around man as if it were nothing but a masquerade of the gods" (Nietzsche, n.d.). Any such understanding will

Project documentation, specifications and discussion Essay

Project documentation, specifications and discussion - Essay Example Introduction This project was started following revelations that the current website of 1K bride was lacking some important features while some features were added unnecessarily. These problems were identified mostly by the staff and interested customers. The problems included: Out-dated website: not compatible in some internet browser; ‘internet explorer’ Incomplete website: some categories are left with empty spaces Inconsistent photos: different sizes of photos Repeated information: too much words, too much explanation could cause confusion to clients rather than clarify. Inconvenient search: in need of adding ‘side bar’ function for easier, and accurate search of dresses No search engine services: very limited ways for clients in finding our website Having realized the prospects of a good website, the company endeavored to improve it for greater achievement. The website improvement started a month ago with the first step being the briefing of 1K National Online Campaigner to engage the proposed online developers. This was followed by a detailed discussion of the upcoming project. A benchmarking exercise, whereby there was a comparison between the existing 1K bride website and similar websites. The main objective of the benchmarking exercise was to determine the general users’ expectations and industry standards could be clearly defined. This paper therefore presents the final product of the project starting from identification of the website limitations to the mock-up website. The mock-up program in this report comprise of improvements that reflect the requirements of the company, the expectations of the clients and staff, standards within the industry and elements that are vital to intercultural communication. 1.1 Methodology The following method was the appropriate one in the quest for improving the 1K website. Analysis and benchmarking This is the initial stage of the project. It is all about benchmarking exercise to iden tify the requirements for website development and the ultimate results that ensured that expectations of the clients and the general users are met. Not only the expectations of the general users but even the goals and objectives of the company be met after the improvement of the website. Contemporary professional communication issues The stage focused on the identification and discussions of issues related to professional communication. In particular, the project discusses in details digital literacy and how if affects the development and improvement of the proposed 1K bride website. Implementation of the proposed changes The completion of the first and second steps resulted to the third step which is all about implementation of the necessary changes. In a more elaborate way, this step involves additional of some features to realize 1K Bride organizational goals, redesigning the structure and the content of the structure to meet the taste and preferences of the users, and the elimin ation of the words that does not promote

Is African-American assimilation into American culture the main theme Assignment

Is African-American assimilation into American culture the main theme of these black codes - Assignment Example Section seven restricts removal of blacks from American slowing assimilation pegged at judge satisfaction. The punitive codes discouraged assimilations of the blacks. Despite earlier abolition of slavery, it was never implemented as provided for in constitution, 1802. Assimilation of Blacks entailed restrictive payment of $500 and other payment to the clerk to obtain court papers guaranteeing blacks’ freedom (Shadd 76). The restrictive bond escalated by alarmed Negroes influx who were later subjected to similar punitive codes hence forced to vacate within 30 days. Attempts to delay such order were futile hence blacks had to leave for Canada where people were not segregated on the basis of race and colors. The punitive codes were meant to push out non-America away from Ohio and not to assimilate them as pretentiously enacted. Proponent of punitive codes would later regret by losing productive blacks to

ISIT in the Strategy process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ISIT in the Strategy process - Essay Example The emphasis is not on predicting the technological advancements with absolute certainty; yet strategic planning is based on analysing the trends in technology and developing strategies to draw maximum benefits through optimal utilisation of the latest technology for the company. There are important distinctions between strategic planning andforetelling. A strategy is developed based on past performances, current situation and businenss scenario, trends and future implications and organisation's vision and objectives. It is not just a prediction into future but a comprehensive process of developing the strategic direction for the company and allocation of resources to meet business objectives. Ofcourse, this includes detailed analysis of technological trends and an estimate of technology change with a view to provide optimal technological solutions for business information needs. However, an organisation whch is unable to analyse the changing trend and fast growth in technology; fails to achieve the desired strategic objectives because of technology obsoleteness; needs for faster, reliable and secure systems and information transfer; and lack of resources to implement and operate latest information technology products and services. These information strategies need not be developed with a d

Political Personalities Essay Example for Free

Political Personalities Essay During WWII, Adlolph Hilter was the most destrutive politician and as a German Natzi dictator he was responsible for the estimated deaths of over 11 million people. After fighting in and losing The Great War, Hitler joined the German labor party which began his political career. Giving speeches that fueled anger over Germanys defeat at war by implicating Jews in a conspiracy against the German government. As a child Hitler grew up in Germany with a loving mother and an authoritive and strict father. It is said that his father was never approving of Hitlers ideas and desires and that they had many disagreements including Hitlers passion to persue his interest in art. His grades in school reflect that he was a as a poor learner and he dropped out after his father died at the age of 15. After this he went to Vienna to persue his interest in art but was rejected twice by the art academy. Observation and theories of personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy developed by philosopher and psychiatrist Alfred Adler concluded that the desire and goal of every human being is to belong and to feel significant (Adler Graduate School 2012). Adler believes that when such desires are not achieved it can lead an individual to an unhealthy desire for superiority he calles â€Å"superiority striving† What might be the motivation behind this leader’s career choice, according to Adler’s theory? Considering Alders theory of an individuals life goal, Hitlers motivation in his strive for superiority may have been influenced by intense feeling of inferiority and insecureties developed during childhood and family evironment. The discouraging rejection of his passion for art by both his father the art institute guided Hitlers reactions and inspired him to find his own way to overcome these inadequicies. Although childhood events were the most influential, social forces encouraged Hitlers strive for superiortity by the German peoples acceptance and submission to his leadership. Did this leader act out of social interest or for personal gain? What was the long-term outcome of his/her striving? Hitlers advances were efforts of personal gain with no real regard or interest in the German people. His intentions to assume control were only provide benefit to his personal ego and satisfaction How would you apply Adler’s theory of birth order to this personality? Alders birth order theory investigates the ways in which family environment affects personality and behavioral responses. Particularly concerning the persons family status such as in Hitlers life as a child enduring paternal rejection and lack of acceptance and encouragement. Hitlers response was to seek the need for approval through the acceptance in social status which had taken the form of power in superiority and control. Considering Alders theory Hitler being the oldest child with younger siblings.

Strategies to Avoid Harm as a Psychologist

Strategies to Avoid Harm as a Psychologist Steps to Avoid Harm Tiffany Stewart Throughout this paper, there will be two hypothetical situations that will be discussed on how a psychologist can avoid harm. There are seven steps that will be used to try and avoid as much harm as possible when working with patients. The first hypothetical situation, Larry lost his feet to frostbite during a winter on the streets. He is refusing prosthetics because he is convinced that he will soon have his feet restored because he has the power to grow them back very slowly. The doctor has asked your help in getting this client to accept prosthetics. The second hypothetical situation is you are hired as an industrial/organizational psychologist to a new company with limited startup funds. The company wants you to handle all the employment testing for pre-screening potential employees. The test it wants you to use is free and has good face validity, but there is no documented evidence the test results can be validly applied to the demands of the job. The first step is to â€Å"clarify course requirements and establishing a timely and specific process for providing feedback to students† (Fisher, 2013, p. 97). In the first situation, it is important that the psychologist informs Larry about prosthetics. He or she can also answer questions that Larry might have before the any decisions are made. In the second situation the psychologist should talk to the company about how the employment testing cannot be validly applied to the demands of the job. This will allow the company to ask questions about what would be a good test to use. The second step is â€Å"selecting and using valid and reliable assessment techniques appropriate to the nature of the problem and characteristics of the testee to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate services† (Fisher, 2013, p. 97). The doctor believes that Larry should get prosthetics, but this is one opinion that might be biased. The psychologist should work with Larry to see if this treatment will benefit him. This is why it is important to fully understand what is going on with the patient before any techniques are used. In the second situation the psychologist can work with the company on what would be a test for hiring employees for that particular job. The psychologist needs to make sure the tests are not biased and will be valid for anyone interested in the job. The third step is â€Å"when appropriate, providing information beforehand to employees and others who may be directly affected by a psychologist’s services to an organization† (Fisher, 2013, p. 97). In the first situation, the doctor was the one who thought it would be best for the psychologist to work with the Larry. It is important that the psychologist explains that there is no guarantee that this technique will be right for Larry and that working in sessions with the patient is required before any decisions are made. The psychologist also needs to inform the doctor of confidentiality. The information he provides to the psychologist will need to be kept confidential unless harm is done to himself or others, or if prosthetics is the right treatment to use. The psychologist in the second situation would need to prepare a document once a test was found. This document would include the interviews of the individuals applying for the job. The psychologist also needs to make sure that no one in the company would have access to the information of the individuals applying to the company. After the document was completed, it would be important that the psychologist sends the information to the person in charge of the process in a confidential manner. Fisher (2013) states the fourth step is â€Å"acquiring adequate knowledge of relevant judicial or administrative rules prior to performing forensic roles to avoid violating the legal rights of individuals involved in litigation† (p. 97). The psychologist in the first situation needs to be familiar with the hospital or doctor office policies before helping patients and laws that fall under helping patients in a medical setting. It is also important that the psychologist has the best interests for Larry. In the second situation, the psychologist needs to be familiar with the company’s policies and laws that fall under working in a business setting. The fifth step is â€Å"taking steps to minimize harm when, during debriefing, a psychologist becomes aware of participant distress created by the research procedure† (Fisher, 2013, p. 97). In the first situation if Larry decides to have prosthetics and the psychologist agrees that the technique is a good fit, there might be stress to learning how to walk with the artificial feet. The psychologist might continue therapy with Larry since he or she has been through the process before getting the prosthetics. The second situation would deal with the individuals that are taking the test for the company to see if they would be a good fit for the job. Counseling might be needed for the individuals that do not get the job. The psychologist can recommend another psychologist that can work with the individuals who might be having a hard time in knowing they did not get hired. The sixth step is â€Å"becoming familiar with local social service, medical, and legal resources for clients/patients and third parties who will be affected if a psychologist is ethically or legally compelled to report child abuse, suicide risk, elder abuse, or intent to do physical harm to another individual† (Fisher, 2013, p. 97). In the first situation, before the psychologist would start counseling with Larry, the psychologist would have had him read over a consent form. The consent form would include that their sessions would be confidential unless harm would take place to himself or to others. In the second situation, the psychologist would include a consent form to give information about the test the individuals would be taking. It will also include that if any harm occurs in the process, the company as well as other services will be informed. The last step is â€Å"monitoring patient’s physiological status when prescribing medications (with legal prescribing authority), particularly when there is a physical condition that might complicate the response to psychotropic medication or predispose a patient to experience an adverse reaction† (Fisher, 2013, p. 97). In the first situation, Larry might be prescribed medication from the doctor after getting the prosthetics. During the sessions between the psychologist and Larry, the psychologist can monitor him to make sure there are no complications. If he starts acting differently or has an adverse reaction, the psychologist needs to inform the doctor as well as the hospital about how the medication is affecting the patient. In the second situation, the only way medication would be prescribed is if the individual that did not get the job was seeing a psychiatrist. Psychologists do not prescribe medication. The two situations followed the seven steps to avoid harm. Not all harm can be completely avoided, but following these steps will help the psychologist in any situation to make sure they can avoid serious consequences that can occur. References: Fisher, C. B. (2013). Decoding the ethics code: A practical guide for psychologists. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Development of VLSI Technology

Development of VLSI Technology CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION The VLSI was an important pioneer in the electronic design automation industry. The â€Å"lambda-based† design style which was advocated by carver mead and Lynn Conway offered a refined packages of tools.. VLSI became the early hawker of standard cell (cell-based technology). Rapid advancement in VLSI technology has lead to a new paradigm in designing integrated circuits where a system-on-a-chip (SOC) is constructed based on predesigned and pre-verified cores such as CPUs, digital signals processors, and RAMs. Testing these cores requires a large amount of test data which is continuously increasing with the rapid increase in the complexity of SOC. Test compression and compaction techniques are widely used to reduce the storage data and test time by reducing the size of the test data. The Very large scale integration design or manufacturing of extremely small uses complex circuitry of modified semiconductor material. In 1959- jack St. Claire Kilby (Texas instruments) they developed the first integrated circuit of 10 components on 9 mm2. In 1959, Robert Norton Noyce (founder, Fairchild semiconductor) has improved this integrated circuit which has been developed by Jack St Claire Kilby, in 1968- Noyce, Gordon E. Moore found Intel, in 1971- Ted Hoff (Intel) has developed the first microprocessor (4004) consists of 2300 transistors on 9 mm2, since then the continuous improvement in technology has allowed for increased performance as predicted by Moores law. The rate of development of VLSI technology has historically progressed hand-in-hand with technology innovations. Many conventional VLSI systems as a result have engendered highly specialized technologies for their support. Most of the achievements in dense systems integration have derived from scaling in silicon VLSI process. As manufacturing has improved, it has become more cost-effective in many applications to replace a chip set with a monolithic IC: package costs are decreased, interconnect path shrink, and power loss in I/O drivers is reduced. As an example consider integrated circuit technology: the semi conductor industry Association predicts that, over the next 15 years, circuit technology will advance from the current four metallization layers up to seven layers. As a result, the phase of circuit testing in the design process is moving to the head as a major problem in VLSI design. In fact, Kenneth M, Thompson, vice president and general manager of the Technology, Manufactur ing, and Engineering Group for Intel Corporation, states that a major falsehood of testing is that â€Å"we have made a lot progress in testing† in reality it is very difficult for testing to keep speed with semi conductor manufacturing technology. Todays circuits are expected to perform a very broad range of functions as it also meets very high standards of performance, quality, and reliability. At the same time practical in terms of time and cost. 1.1 Analog Digital Electronics In science, technology, business, and, in fact, most other fields of endeavor, we are constantly dealing with quantities. In the most physical systems, quantities are measured, monitored, recorded, manipulated, arithmetically, observed. We should be able to represent the values efficiently and accurately when we deal with various quantities. There are basically two ways of representing the numerical value of quantities: analog and digital 1.2 Analog Electronics Analogue/Analog electronics are those electronic systems with a continuously variable signal. In contrast, two different levels are usually taken in digital electronics signals. In analog representation a quantity is represented by a voltage, current, or meter movement that is comparative to the value of that quantity. Analog quantities such as those cited above have n important characteristic: they can vary over a continuous range of values. 1.3 Digital Electronics In digital representation the quantities are represented not by proportional quantities but by symbols called digits. As an example, consider the digital watch, which provides the time of day in the form of decimal digits which represent hours and minutes (and sometimes seconds). As we know, the time of day changes continuously, but the digital watch reading does not change continuously; rather, it changes in steps of one per minute (or per second). In other words, this digital representation of the time of day changes in discrete steps, as compared with the representation of time provided by an analog watch, where the dial reading changes continuously. Digital electronics that deals with â€Å"1s and 0s†, but thats a vast oversimplification of the in and outs of going digital. Digital electronics operates on the premise that all signals have two distinct levels. Certain voltages might be the levels near the power supply level and ground depending on the type of devices used. The logical meaning should not be mixed with the physical signal because the meaning of this signal level depends on the design of the circuit. Here are some common terms used in digital electronics: Logical-refers to a signal or device in terms of its meaning, such as â€Å"TRUE† or â€Å"FALSE† Physical-refers to a signal in terms of voltage or current or a devices physical characteristics HIGH-the signal level with the greater voltage LOW-the signal level with the lower voltage TRUE or 1-the signal level that results from logic conditions being met FALSE or 0-the signal level that results from logic conditions not being met Active High-a HIGH signal indicates that a logical condition is occurring Active Low-a LOW signal indicates that a logical condition is occurring Truth Table-a table showing the logical operation of a devices outputs based on the devices inputs, such as the following table for an OR gate described as below 1.4 Number Systems Digital logic may work with â€Å"1s and 0s†, but it combines them into several different groupings that form different number systems. Most of are familiar with the decimal system, of course. Thats a base-10 system in which each digit represents a power of ten. There are some other number system representations, Binary-base two (each bit represents a power of two), digits are 0 and 1, numbers are denoted with a ‘B or ‘b at the end, such as 01001101B (77 in the decimal system) Hexadecimal or ‘Hex-base 16 (each digit represents a power of 16), digits are 0 through 9 plus A-B-C-D-E-F representing 10-15, numbers are denoted with ‘0x at the beginning or ‘h at the end, such as 0x5A or 5Ah (90 in the decimal system) and require four binary bits each. A dollar sign preceding the number ($01BE) is sometimes used, as well. Binary-coded decimal or BCD-a four-bit number similar to hexadecimal, except that the decimal value of the number is limited to 0-9. Decimal-the usual number system. Decimal numbers are usually denoted by‘d at the end, like 24d especially when they are combined with other numbering systems. Octal-base eight (each digit represents a power of 8), digits are 0-7, and each requires three bits. It is rarely used in modern designs. 1.5 Digital Construction Techniques Building digital circuits is somewhat easier than for analog circuits-there is fewer components and the devices tend to be in similarly sized packages. Connections are less susceptible to noise. The trade-off is that there can be many connections, so it is easy to make a mistake and harder to find them. There are a few visual clues as result of uniform packages. 1.5.1 Prototyping Boards Prototypes is nothing but putting together some temporary circuits, or, as part of the exercises using a common workbench accessory known as a prototyping board. A typical board is shown in Figure 1 with a DIP packaged IC plugged into the board across the centre gap. This board contains sets of sockets in rows which are connected mutually for the component leads to be connected and plugged in without soldering. Apart from these outer edges of the board which contains long rows of sockets are also connected together so that they can be used for ground connections and power supply which are common to most components. Assembling wiring layout on the prototype board should be carried out systematically, similar to the schematic diagram shown. 1.5.2 Reading Pin Connections IC pins are almost always arranged so that pin 1 is in a corner or by an identifying mark on the IC body and the sequence increases in a counter-clockwise sequence looking down on the IC or â€Å"chip† as shown in Figure 1. In almost all DIP packages, the identifying mark is a dot in the corner marking pin 1. Both can be seen in the diagram, but on any given IC only one is expected to be utilised. 1.5.3 Powering Digital Logic Where analog electronics is usually somewhat flexible in its power requirements and tolerant of variations in power supply voltage, digital logic is not nearly so carefree. Whatever logic family you choose, you will need to regulate the power supply voltages to at least  ±5 percent, with adequate filter capacitors to filter out sharp sags or spikes. To provide references to the internal electronics that sense the low or high voltages and also act on them as logic signals, the logic devices rely on stable power supply voltages. The device could be confused and also misinterpret the inputs if the devices ground voltage is kept away from 0 volts, which in turn causes temporary changes in the signals, popularly known as glitches. It is better to ensure that the power supply is very clean as the corresponding outcome can be very difficult to troubleshoot. A good technique is to connect a 10 ~ 100  µF electrolytic or tantalum capacitor and a 0.1  µF ceramic capacitor in parallel across the power supply connections on your prototyping board. CHAPTER 2 2. REVIEW AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF ITERATIVE CIRCUITS As a background research, recent work on iterative circuits was investigated. In this section, seven main proposals from the literature will be reviewed. The first paper by Douglas Lewin published in (1974, pg.76,277), titled Logic Design of Switching Circuits, in this book he states that quite often in combinational logic design, the technique of expressing oral statements for a logic circuit in the form of a truth table is inadequate. He stated that for a simple network, a terminal description will often suffice, but for more complex circuits, and in particular when relay logic is to be employed, the truth table method can lead to a laborious and inelegant solution. 2.1 Example: A logic system could be decomposed into a number identical sub-systems, then if we could produce a design for the sub-system, or cell, the complete system could be synthesized by cascading these cells in series. The outputs of one cell form the inputs to the next one in the chain and so on, each cell is identical except for the first one (and frequently he last one) whose cell inputs must be deduced from the initial conditions. Each cell has external inputs as well as inputs from the preceding cell, which are distinguished by defining the outputs of a cell as its state. Figure 2.1 Iterative Switching Systems The second proposal which will b reviewed was presented by Fredrick J. Hil and Gerald R. Peterson published in (1981, pg. 570), titled Introduction to Switching Theory and Logic Design, in this book, they discussed that iterative network is highly repetitive form of a combinational logic network. The repetitive structure make possible to describe the iterative networks utilizing techniques that already developed for sequential circuits, the author in this books he has limited his discussion to one dimensional iterative networks represented by the cascade or identical cells given in below figure. A typical cell with appropriate input and output notation is given in one more figure below (b). Now note the two distinct types of inputs, i.e., primary inputs from the outside world and secondary inputs from the previous cell in the cascade. And similarly and there are two types of outputs, i.e., primary to the outside world and secondary to the next cell in the cascade. The boundary input s which are at the left of the cascade denoted by us in the same manner as secondary inputs. At some cases the inputs will be constant values. A set of boundary inputs emerges from the right most cell in the cascade. although these outputs are to the outside world, they will be labelled in the same manners secondary outputs. The boundary outputs will be the only outputs of the iterative networks. The third proposal by Barri Wilkinson with Raffic Makki, published in (1992, pg. 72-4) titled -digital design principles, in this book, they discussed about the design and problems of iterative circuits and stated that, there are some design problems which would require a large number of gates if designed as two level circuits. On approach i.e., is to divide each function into a number of identical sub functions which need be performed in sequence and the result of one sub function is used in the next sub function. A design based around the iterative approach is shown in below figure. There are seven logic circuit cells each cell accepts one code word digit and the output from the preceding cell. The cell produces one output, Z, which is a 1 whenever the number of 1s on the two inputs is odd. Hence successive outputs are a 1 when the number of 1s on inputs to that point is odd and the final output is a 1 only when the number of 1s in the whole code word is odd as required. To create an iterative design, the number of cells and the number of data inputs to each cell need to be determined and also the number of different states that must be recognized by the cell. The number of different states will define the number of lines to the next cell (usually carrying binary encoded information). The fourth proposal was reviewed by Douglas Lewin and David Protheroe published in (1992, pg. 369),titled Design of Logic systems, in this book, according to them, iterative networks were widely used in the early days of switching systems when relays were the major means of realizing logic circuits. these technique fell into disuse when electronic logic gates widely available. It is possible to implement an arbitrary logic function in the form of an iterative array, the technique is most often applied to functions which are in the sense ‘regular in that the overall function may be achieved by performing the same operation up to a sequence of a data bits. Iterative cell techniques are particularly well suited to pattern recognition and encoding and decoding circuits with large numbers of parallel inputs. The method is also directly applicable to the design of VLSI circuits and has the advantage of producing a modular structure based on a standard cell which may be optimized independently in terms of layout etc. Circuits containing any number of input variables can easily be constructed by simply extending the network with more cells. they examine the iterative circuits with some examples, although it is possible to implement an arbitrary logic function in the form of an iterative array, the technique is most often applied to functions which are in this sense ‘regular in that the overall function may be achieved by performing the same operation upon a sequence of data bits. Suppose a logic system could be decomposed into a number of identical subsystems; then if we could produce a design for the subsystem, or cell, the complete system could be synthesized by cascading these cells in series. Problem Reduced: this problem now has been reduced to that of specifying and designing the cell, rather than the complete system. The fifth proposal presented by Brians Holdsworth published in (1993, pg. 165-166) titled Digital Logic Design, stated that iterative networks widely used before the introduction of electronic gates are again of some interest to the logic designers as a result of developments in semiconductor technology. Moss pass transistors which are easily fabricated are used in LSI circuits where these LSI circuits require less space and allow higher packing densities. One of the major disadvantages of hard-wired iterative networks was the long propagation delays because of the time taken for signals to ripple through a chain of iterated cells. This is no longer such a significant disadvantage since of the length of the signal paths on an LSI chip are much reduced in comparison with the hard-wired connections between SSI and MSI circuits. However, the number of pass transistors that can be connected in series is limited because of signal degradation and it is necessary to provide intercell buffe rs to restore the original signal levels. One additional advantage is the structural simplicity and the identical nature of the cells which allows a more economical circuit layout. A book proposed by Brians Holdsworth and R.C. Woods published in (2002, pg.135), titled Digital Logic Design, in this book, the discussion on the structure has made and stated that iterative network consists of number of identical cells interconnected in a regular manners as shown in figure with the variables X1.Xn are termed as primary input signals while the output signals termed as Z1Zn and another variable is also taken a1an+1 are termed as secondary inputs or outputs depending on whether these signals are entering or leaving a cell. The structure of an iterative circuit may be defined as one which receives the incoming primary data in parallel form where each cell process the incoming primary and secondary data and generates a secondary output signal which is transmitted to the next cell. Secondary data is transmitted along the chain of cells and the time taken to reach steady state is determined by the delay times of the individual cells and their interconnections. According to Larry L. Kinney, Charles .H and Roth. JR, published in (2004, pg.519) titled Fundamentals of Logic design, in this book they discussed that many design procedures used for sequential circuits can be applied to the design of the iterative circuits, they consists of number of identical cells interconnected in a regular manner. Some operations such as binary addition, naturally lend themselves to realization with an iterative circuit because of the same operation is performed on each pair input bits. The regular structure of an iterative circuit makes it easier to fabricate in integrated circuit from than circuits with less regular structures, the simplest form of a iterative circuit consists of a linear array of combinational cells with signals between cells travelling in only one direction, each cell is a combinational circuit with one or more primary inputs and possibly one or more primary outputs. In addition, each cell has one or more secondary inputs and one or more secondary outputs. Then the produced signals carry information about the â€Å"state† of one cell to the next cell. The primary inputs to the cells are applied in parallel; that is, they are applied at the same time, the signals then propagate down the line of cells. Because the circuit is combinational, the time required for the circuit to reach a steady- state condition is determined only by the delay times of the gates in the cell. As soon as steady state is reached, the output may be read. Thus, the iterative circuits can function as a parallel- input, parallel-output device, in contrast with the sequential circuit in which the input and output are serial. One can think of the iterative circuits as receive its inputs as a sequence in time. Example: parallel adder is an example of iterative circuits that has four identical cells. The serial adder uses the same full adder cell as he parallel adder, but it receives its inputs serially and stores the carry in a flip-flop instead of propagating it from cell to cell. The final proposal was authored by JOHN F WAKERLY, published in (2006, pg. 459, 462, 756), titled Digital Design Principles, in this book he quoted that, iterative circuits is a special type of combinational circuits, with the structure shown in below figure. This circuit contains n identical modules, each of which contains both primary inputs and primary outputs and cascading inputs and cascading outputs. The left most cascading inputs which is shown in below figure are called boundary inputs and are connected to fixed logic values in most iterative circuits. The right most cascading outputs are called boundary outputs and these cascading output provides important information. Iterative circuits are well suited to problems that can be solved by a simple iterative algorithm: Set C0 to its initial value and set i=0 Use Ci and Pli to determine the values of P0i and Ci+1. Increment i. If i In an iterative circuit, the loop of steps 2-4 is â€Å"unwound† by providing a separate combinational circuit that performs step 2 for each value of i. Each of the works reviewed makes an important contribution to improve the disadvantages and problems by iterative circuits, which is lead to improving the iterative circuits, thus it is appealing me to pursue an investigation on the sequential circuits for better understanding about the iterative circuits CHAPTER 3 3. OVERVIEW OF DESIGN METHODS FOR ITERATIVE CIRCUITS 3.1 Iterative design Iterative design is a design methodology based on a cyclic process of prototyping, testing, analyzing, and refining a product or process. Changes and refinements are made, in the most recent iteration of a design, based on the results of testing. The quality and functionality design can be improved by this process. The interaction with the designed system is used as a research for informing and evolving a project, as successive versions in Iterative design. 3.2 Iterative Design Process The iterative design process may be applied throughout the new product development process. In the early stages of development changes are easy and affordable to implement. In the iterative design process the first is to develop a prototype. In order to deliver non-biased opinions the prototype should be examined by a focus group which is not associated with the product. The Information gained from the focus group should be integrated and synthesized into next stage of iterative design. This particular process must be recurred until an acceptable level is achieved for the user. Figure 3.1 Iterative Design Process 3.3 Iterative Circuits Iterative Circuits may be classified as, Combinational Circuits Sequential Circuits. Combinatorial circuit generalized using gates has m inputs and n outputs. This circuit can be built as n different combinatorial circuits, apiece with exactly one output. If the entire n-output circuit is constructed at once then some important sharing of intermediate signals may take place. This sharing drastically decreases the number of gates needed to construct the circuit. In some cases, we might be interested to minimize the number of transistors. In other, we might want a little delay, or we may need to reduce the power consumption. Normally a mixture of such type must be applied. In combinational logic design, the technique of expressing oral statements for a logic circuit in the form of a truth table is inadequate. For a simple network, a terminal description will often suffice, but for more complex circuits, and in particular when relay logic is to be employed, the truth method can lead to laborious and inelegant solutions. Iterative cell techniques are particularly well suited to pattern recognition and encoding and decoding circuits with a large number of parallel inputs, circuits specification is simplified and large variable problems reduced to a more tractable size, this method is directly applicable to the design of VLSI circuits. It should be pointed out though that the speed of the circuit is reduced because of the time required for the signals to propagate along the network; the number of interconnections is also considerably increased. In general, iterative design does not necessarily result in a more minimal circuit. As the advantage of producing a modular structure, circuits containing any number of input variables can be easily constructed by simple extending the networks with more cells. Suppose for example a logic system could be decomposed into number of identical sub subsystems, then if we would produce a design for the subsystem or a cell the complete system could be synthesized by cascading these cells in series. The problem has now been reduced to that of specifying and designing the cell, rather than the complex systems In general, we define a synchronous sequential circuit, or just sequential circuit as a circuit with m inputs, n outputs, and a distinguished clock input. The description of the circuit is made with the help of a state table with latches and flip-flops are the building blocks of sequential circuits. The definition of a sequential circuit has been simplified as the number of different states of the circuit is completely determined by the number of outputs. Hence, with these combinational circuits we are going to discuss a normal method that in the worst case may waste a large number of transistors For a sequential circuit with m inputs and n outputs, our method uses n D-flip-flops (one for each output), and a combinatorial circuit with m + n inputs and n outputs. 3.4 Iterative Circuits-Example An iterative circuit is a special type of combinational circuit, with the structure shown, The above diagram represents the iterative circuits and this circuit contains ‘n identical modules each of which has both primary inputs and outputs and cascading inputs and outputs. The left most cascading inputs are called boundary inputs and are connected to fixed logic values in most iterative circuits. The right most cascading outputs are called boundary outputs and usually provide important information. Quiet often in combinational logic design, the technique of expressing oral statements for a logic circuit in the form of truth table is inadequate. Iterative circuits are well suited to problems that can be solved by an algorithm i.e iterative algorithm Set C0 to initial value and set i to 0. Use Ci and Pli to determine the values of P0i and Ci+1. Increment i. If i In an iterative circuits, the loop of steps 2-4 is â€Å"unwound† by providing a separate combinational circuit that performs step 2 for each value of i. 3.5 Improving the testability of Iterative Circuits As stated by A.Rubio et al, (1989, pg.240-245), the increase in the complexity of the integrated circuits and the inherent increase in the cost of the test carried out on them are making it necessary to look for ways of improving the testability of iterative circuits.The integrated circuits structured as iteration of identical cells, because their regularity have a set of advantages that make them attractive for many applications. Among these advantages are their simplicity of design, because the structural repetition of the basic cell, manufacturing, test, fault tolerance and their interest for concurrent algorithmic structure implementation. Here in this journal we also study about the testability of iterative circuits the below figure illustrates the typical organization of an N-cells iterative unidimensional circuit (all the signals go from left to right); however the results can be extended to stable class of bilateral circuits. The N cells have identical functionality. Every cell (i) has an external input yi and an internal input xi coming from the previous cell (i-1). Every cell generates a circuit output signal yi and an internal output xi that goes to the following cell (i+1).The following assumptions about these signals are considered below All the yi vectors are independent. Only the x1, y1, y2.yn signals are directly controllable for test procedures. Only the y1, y2 yn signals are directly observable. The xi and ^xi signals are called the states (input and output states respectively) of the ith-cell and are not directly controllable (except xi) neither observable (except xn). Kautz gives the condition of the basic cell functionality that warrants the exhaustive testing of each of the cells of the array. These conditions assure the controllability and observability of the states. In circuits that verify these conditions the length of the test increase linearly with the number of cells of the array with a resulting length that is inferior to the corresponding length for other implementation structures. A fundamental contribution to the easy testability of iterative circuits was made by Freidman. In his work the concept of C-testability is introduced; an iterative circuit is C-testable if a cell-level exhaustive test with a constant length can be generated. This means the length is independent of the number of cells composing the array (N). The results are generalised in several ways. In all these works it is assumed that there is only one faulty cell in the array. Cell level stuck-at (single or multiple) and truth-table fault models are considered. The set T of test vectors of the basic cell is formed by a sequence (what ever the order may be) of input vectors to the cell. Kautz proposed the cell fault model (CFM) which was adopted my most researchers in testing ILAs. As assumed by CFM only one cell can be faulty at a time. As long as the cell remains combinational, the output functions of the faulty cell could be affected by the fault. In order to test ILA under CFM every cell should be supplied with all its input combinations. In Addition to this, the output of the faulty cell should be propagated to some primary output of the ILA. Friedman introduced c-testability. An ILA is C-testable if it can be tested with a number of test vectors which are independent of the size of the ILA. The target of research in ILA testing was the derivation of necessary and sufficient conditions for many types of ILAs (one dimensional with or without vertical outputs, two-dimensional, unilateral, bilateral) to be C-testable. The derivations of these conditions were based on the study of flow table of the basic cells of the array. In the case of an ILA which is not C-testable modifications to its flow table (and therefore as to its internal structure) and/or modifications to the overall structure of the array, were proposed to make it C-testable. Otherwise, a test set with length usually proportional to the ILA size was derived (linear testability). In most cases modifications to the internal structure of the cells and/or the overall structure of the ILA increase the area occupied by the ILA and also affect it performance. ILA testing considering sequential faults has been studied, sequential fault detection in ripple carry adders was considered with the target to construct a shortest length sequence. In sufficient conditions for testing one dimensional ILAs for sequential faults were given. It was not shown that whenever the function of basic cell of an ILA is bijective it can be tested with constant number of tests for sequential faults. To construct such a test set like this a procedure was also introduced. The following considerations from the basis of our work. Many of the computer aided design tools are based on standard cells libraries. While testing an ILA, the best that can be done is to test each of its cells exhaustively with respe

Teaching and Learning in a Networked Composition Classroom Essay

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The Arab Conquest of the Central Asia was a significant event which impacted on the whole region at the beginning of the eighth century. Abu Ja’far Muhammad al-Tabari was one of the historians who described this conquest for the Muslim population later in ninth century by using different accounts (p. 16). His text is useful for the evaluation of Qutayba’s conquests of Central Asia and can be compared with the same century’s Persian historian al-Baladhuri (p. 11) and his description of the Arab Conquest. This excerpt can be regarded as relevant to the Silk Roads Survey due to the fact that it reflects in detail all aspects of past events, and emphasizes their historical importance. Firstly, the author refers to accounts from various sources (p.16) and describes in detail what happened during the seizure of Sogda. Secondly, when al-Tabari narrates about the events occurred in this region he uses direct quotations of the Arab conquerors and Sogdian defenders. For instance, when Sogdians asked Fergana kings for the support (p.17) al-Tabari demonstrates the full reflection of things happ...