Mark Zuckerberg Management Style

Mark Zuckerberg Management Style Managers of an organization need multiple skills to perform their duties and act consequently. Their job is assorted and complex. A research by Robert L. Katz, he found that the managers need three essential skills: conceptual, human and technical in order to perform the four management functions; planning, organizing, leading and controlling. According to Forbes Magazine, Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of phenomenon Facebook and one of the youngest billionaire ever share the ability of great conceptual skills. Conceptual skills are thus said to be one of the crucial of all managerial skills. Managers with conceptual skills are able to see the organization as a whole, to conceptualize about abstract and complex situationsÂÂ ´ (Robbins, S., Coulter, M. 2005) and to think strategically. Conceptual skills stands out from others skills that required by a manager as the ability to use information to solve organizational problems, identification of opportunities, implementing solutions and selecting critical information from masses of data to direct the organization in the world of overflowing information. He should be able to agonize the problem areas and enforce solutions selecting critical information from masses of data, understand the business. Mark Zuckerberg has managed the facebook quite efficiently and has put the doubts of many people to rest. He uses to prepare the organization for the contingent events in the rapid changing environment. He recognizes problems, identify opportunities and implement solutions. He maximizes the use of information, ideas and concepts. Simultaneously with conceptual skills he uses other skills such as human and technological skills which it is necessitates organization to achieve its goals effectively and efficiently. Human skills, being controversially regarded as the most important set of skills have always been the root of all skills. Conceptual skills is not all that are required by a manager but it is a combination of competencies in various skills which conceptual, human and technical skills jump out from others to be more vital. Top managers use conceptual skills while making a decision since it affects the entire organization. He needs human skills which involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in groups. Being chief executives officer he should look for to motivate the employers of the organization. Human is the most important asset of an organization and human (interpersonal) skills are regarded as the most important set of skills for a manager in todays competitive environment. Creating culture, building the senior management team, financing road shows and indeed, the delegation itself is done by Mark Zuckerberg. In Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg plays an extensive role in the decision making process. In the organization he deeply and inextricably involved with every major decision that it undertakes. He uses to negotiate and help the subordinates and rest of the employees to produce new ideas and make the final decision. He usually focuses on the technological side and innovation. He plays quite big interpersonal role in the general public by giving speeches and talking in the conferences. He uses to give information to the outsiders through the meetings and speeches conducted by facebook. Besides this he use to visit certain sessions and interact with other business managers and sign the business documents. During such interaction he asks the Sheryl Sandberg COO formerly via president of Google chief of staff for the U.S to assist him and offer some guidance. In general Mark Zuckerberg plays extensive role in all informational, interpersonal and decisional roles in the facebook which allows and makes it to be the leading social media today. (583 words) Q2) Discuss the various dynamics of the external environment Facebook presently operates in. What do you see and understand as real challenges Facebooks management team must grapple with in the days ahead if the company is to succeed in its mission to connect the whole planet? The only thing that would not change in the world is: the world is kept on changing. Although Facebook currently rank as the top social networking sites in terms of revenue and number of users, they still have to persist in innovating to hold on the honor. Facebook always encourage their users to share information public to offer better product to users, marketers and developers who wants to reach them. When so much of data is publish online, it can be a threat to Facebook. It forced by Canadian privacy commissioner to make changes to privacy changes and streamlined permissions dialogue. Just as estimated, Facebook confront disputation on privacy issue after the security researcher Wednesday once Beacon is launched. There are more than 100 million Facebook users personal information is being used or spread out to the public without users authorization. This issue is not just about data leakage for user but also for developers and marketers who uses Facebook as a tool to operate their business. Beacon is a platform which takes data from 44 web destinations and mashes it up with Facebooks internal information to help build more focused advertising messages. It was a system which allowed third parties site being posted on the wall of the users profile. People found out that it actually tracking every single thing people done online even they had logout their Facebook account. Facebook data leakage which disclosed by Wall Street Journal is said to be unintentionally. Press coverage and European Commission have their investigation on their own. The Beacon platform had breached the federal wiretap and video-rental privacy laws. A federal judge on Wednesday approved a $9.5 million settlement to a class action lawsuit challenging Facebooks program that monitored and published what users of the social networking site were buying or renting from Blockbuster, Overstock and other locations. (David Kravets) Under the settlement, Facebook agreed to terminate Beaon platform s tarted from November 2009. Facebook should provide a more user friendly privacy settings for the user to avoid the issue above to happen again. A table containing Top 30 countries with highest number of Facebook users was shown in appendix. Data is updated to 1st of April 2011. The table indicate the number of users is increasing tremendously every year. The figure 154,226,960, is the numbers of users in USA which is surprisingly high and own the first place in the ranking. Although China and India has the largest population in the world but India only own the fifth place at about 22,956,220 users. However, a statistic updated on 6th May 2011 indicates that India is the leading country which owns the highest audience growth rate. It is strange that China is not in the ranking, because Facebook is being banned by China. In the New Era of Management ninth edition by L. D. Richard predict that China will overtake United State economy as number one by midcentury. Unfortunately, China banned FB really bring down a lot registration and opportunities to generate profit. Without China, FB was like losing one of his leg or hand. Chin a Mainland population which is about 1,330,141,295 (July 2010 est.) [Source: CIA World Factbook, Jan 2011 ] China government always being tight to the access of internet, information flow and media censored Facebook because of the fatal riots happen in western region of Xinjiang in province of China. Perhaps they believe that such an action will contain the reports or discussions of the riots or stop them from happening completely. News updated on 28th April 2011 said that, Mark Zuckerberg still wanted to get connected to China and is now creating some sort of localized version of site to fit Chinas government and hope to launch it in China. (622 words) Q3) How would you describe and classify the corporate culture at Facebook? What are the elements and symbols that showcase FBs culture? In this context, how effective is Mark Zuckerberg as a cultural leader for FB? Ravasi and Schultz (2006) define organization culture as a set of shared mental assumptions that guide interpretation and action in organizations by defining appropriate behaviour for various situations. In the past, the hierarchy of management is vital for a corporate. However, Mark Zuckerberg, CEO of Facebook has created a relaxed, unstructured and open corporate culture that emphasizes more on equality. At Facebook, there are no cubicles, no walls, just mainly office furniture. This enables the employees to work in a relaxed and comfortable environment as they can come and go as they please, with no standard work schedules, thus more employee freedom. Furthermore, the managers at Facebook also practice this working environment. Sheryl Sandberg, Facebooks Chief Operating Officer, and even Zuckerberg himself has no office. They work among the employees in the open workspace that could enhance openness and problem solving process. Besides, Mark holds a public question-and-answer session for the entire organization for an hour every Friday. This session has created a great deal of openness in the organization. The openness, according to Zuckerberg, encourages collaboration, team-work and an informal atmosphere and communication. Zuckerbergs company is ballooning into an empire, but it remains scruffy, funky and slightly adorable. That is partly attributable to a workplace that combines playful start-up culture with muscular ambition and bite. Facebooks goal is to be viewed as a hip geek culture in order to attract the best talent.ÂÂ   Zuckerburg is responsible for the foundations of this culture, creating a fun environment by banging a gong when someone finishes a big coding project.ÂÂ   Facebook even hired well-known graffiti artist David Choe to paint murals in the first Facebook offices.Theres a block of meeting rooms named after inventors at the far end of the Facebook ground floor, with one given to Al Gore, who invented the internet. Facebook is creating an intrinsically social culture, rather than enterprise software or geeky, engineer-driven algorithms. At Facebook, the employees can play video or table tennis games whenever they need to unwind on the job. This fun working environment has i ncreased the job satisfaction of employees in the Facebook organization. Job satisfaction is the primary factor in intrinsic motivation. Therefore, due to the corporate culture recognized by Zuckerberg, Facebook employees are satisfied with their jobs and as a result do their jobs well and raise the productivity of Facebook. Facebook is a social utility that connects you with the people around you is the slogan of Facebook. This slogan says quite a bit about the social platform. Facebook has taken a very utilitarian stance on providing a social network. They have created a framework and are expecting you to do most of the work. When we used to wear suits to work, organizational hierarchy was indicated through the price of your suit. With Facebook, Mark forever altered our norms of privacy: our information is now public, our break-ups broadcasted, and our drunken shamings eternalized. However, Zuckerberg has changed this culture by only wear T-shirts, jeans and Adidas flip-flops to work. Mark Zuckerberg shows effectiveness as a cultural leader for Facebook by able and willing to take the risks in hiring the executives for the company, motivate employees to achieve Facebooks goals by established a relaxed, fun and unstructured corporate culture, and think strategically in the incident of refusing to bring Facebook, as a company, public. (555 words) Q4) In what ways does Facebook, as an organisation, fit in with traditional and current, modern-day management thinking and theories and in what ways is FB challenging them? As time passed, many professions had developed several management theories as a guide for manager to run the organization. There are Classical Perspective, which occurred during the nineteenth and early twenty, Management Science Perspective, which emerged during the world war two, The Recent Historical Trend which happen after the world war two and The Modern Management which combine all different theories. In today business world, different management thinking and theory are required by the manager to fits in different industries and achieve their organization goals. Facebook is the new trend in the twenty-first century, which manage and lead by the founder name Mark Zuckerberg. Humanistic perspective was conducted by Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard. They believe that manager need to first value peoples feelings, needs, thoughts and social relations. (Daft, n.d). Mark Zuckerberg had this management thinking of creating a social network that allowed people all over the world to engage which each other and get their updates even faster. He found out that as a human, when they disclose feelings and thoughts to their friends will make them feel closer to the person, and also behaviour on understand others emotions and opinions that surrounding. Besides, Mark Zuckerberg also adapting this theory to his employees by providing those free meals along the day, bottomless finger foods and unrestricted dry cleaning service. He allowed subordinates to express themselves, motivate them to have the same goals as the organisations goals by giving opinions on improvement of the organisation. Studies developed by Hawthorne state that in order to increase output, managers firstly need to improve human relation with the subordinates. Managers need to make employees feel respects, appreciated and have the sense of belongings to this organisation. (Daft, n.d). Mark Zuckerberg claim that an office is only just a place to gather people to brain storming to generate profits and human are the most important resources for the organisation. Therefore, Mark Zuckerberg design his headquarter with no wall between departments and the meeting rooms are located at the middle of the work space and separate by glass walls so that all the people can see through the meetings. Besides, Abraham Maslow theories, a study that claim that people are influenced by several needs and by hierarchy order. This has been used by Mark Zuckerberg, firstly, he fulfil the physical needs by providing them free meals and considerable income. Secondly, he satisfied the love and sense of belongings seeks by the employees which allowing them to disclose their thoughts and opinions. Thirdly, he will appreciate them by contribute many ideas and plans to run the business, this will increase employees esteem needs and belief that they are the proper source in helping make the world improve. Lastly, Mark Zuckerberg will somehow challenge the employees to meet certain goals. This will not only increase the improvement of organisation growth, it also acknowledges employees to fulfil their self-actualization needs. Moreover, Contingency View is the modern perspective that managers have no actual plan and managers will base on the situations or industries and economic to lead the organisation. This theory mostly utilize by organisation with structure of effective in an internet company which need to depend on the new technology. (Daft, n.d). Because Facebook is always dealing with trends of the world, and create new trend for the world. This required innovations, inspiration and new technology from the employees. Therefore, it is hard for Mark Zuckerberg to always follow the plan. Furthermore, quality seeking by the user was also a challenge face by Mark Zuckerberg. He use Total Quality Management to deal with it by improving the convenience of user to easily sign up as a user and also create software which allow user to use their mobile phone to log in and keeping on improving the privacy settings of each user. He also create benchmark of user can tag others pictures and status make them to have the same picture and comments. He also came out with the `like button allow user to like the status and which his competitors like Friendster and MySpace does not have. Learning Organisation is a modern theory which allows people not afraid to make mistakes and hope they can learn from the mistakes. It allows managers to raise the capability to discover and grow. (Senge.P. n.d). When Facebook dealing with the mistakes they made in beacon, they understand that not all people like to disclose their thoughts to the public, certain privacy are required from them. Facebook has learnt from this mistake and change their privacy settings. Q5) Describe the personality, leadership and management style of Facebook founder and CEO, Mark Zuckerberg. Discuss his most cherished values and how they govern his life, work, relationships, and the way he leads and manages his people. It is undeniable that Mark Zuckerberg is the key player of the successful of Facebook in the global nowadays. Therefore, the personality and cherished values that he holds are strongly affected his life, work and relationship. As a young billionaire, Mark did not dress himself up with branded clothes and accessories. In fact, he always wears jeans, T-shirt and North Face fleece. Besides, he rents a house with his girlfriend and drives an entry-level luxury car. Yet, his life is nothing more than meetings and talking to people due to the expansion of Facebook. He is a simple man and has showed no concern to spend much money or make money. Perhaps, these are the reason why he rejected offers from big companies such as Yahoo and Microsoft. People think that he was wrong and questioned him why would he refuse the offer because the field that he involves is unpredictable. However, from the interview with Diane Sawyer, he saying, We really just believe in what were doing. This showed that, making money is not the primary motivation of the formation of Facebook but the vision is simple as to attach people from different countries or even culture and share their life to people that they care about. Mark, as a stud ent of computer science and psychology definitely has a great sensitivity of vision. He knows that the most powerful thing in this world perhaps is the connection of people and the usefulness of the Internet. Therefore, Facebook achieved success in just few years because people like the ideas of sharing their feelings and life to their loved ones. Such personalities that Mark had affected the way he presents in work. He said everyone has a voice and people can organise whatever they want. For that reason, the open floor plan in the headquarters of Facebook allows all the workers know each single thing that happens in the buildings. Also, he holds a public question-and-answer meeting for the company for an hour on each Friday. Giving thought to these seemingly minor issues has the potential to drastically improve the working environment and employee engagement. Furthermore, although Mark is a young and rich leader, he never behaves arrogantly and still sincerely apologizes due to the mistakes that he have made. For example, membership of a group named Students against Facebook news feed that formed by Ben Parr has increased to 750,000 users within a week. Instead of being enemy with him, Mark actually posted a letter on Facebook and promised that they will come out with privacy controls. This is a leader quality that Mark had, which is problem solving. On one hand, he did not mention to make changes to the new features and support the usefulness of News Feed to know more about close friends. On the other hand, he promised to strengthen the privacy control. It seems like two-way benefit to him and Facebook without throw the new features away that causes losses and at the same time can settle the negative comment on Facebook. The tough-minded that Mark Zuckerberg had also affected the way he held the position as CEO in Facebook. Mark will improve each role in the organization each six months and performance of employees is being rank from one to five. He valued those hardworking and brilliant employees that can make him success. Some co-workers said that it is stress and fear when working in Facebook. However, the situation has been changed when Mark hired Sheryl Sandberg and people now are regretting they did not join the company. Nevertheless, Mark hire people not only because of their talent but also follow through and do things creatively such as hiring the former Firefox developer, Blake Ross. Mark showed his tough-minded completely when he turned the offer from Yahoo down. The former CEO of Yahoo, Terry Semel said, Id never met anyone-forget his age, twenty-two then or twenty-six now-Id never met anyone who would walk away from a billion dollars. But he said, Its not about the price. This is my baby , and I want to keep running it, I want to keep growing it. I couldnt believe it. (695 words)

Free Essays - Examing the Conclusion of Beowulf :: Epic Beowulf essays

Examing the Conclusion of Beowulf       Endings in books are the culmination of many important events. Sometimes they are joyous and pleasant, where the conflict of the novel is resolved and everyone lives happily ever after. And other times, endings can be sad, lamentable, and downright evil. Beowulf's ending shows a sharp contrast between both types of endings. His character, along with the tragic events in the book, allowed for this ambiguous ending. But, in my opinion and when thought about closely, Beowulf, ends in an extremely terrible fashion.    Beowulf, Ecgtheow's son, is strong in mind and body. He is born a true hero.. He backs up his extraordinary feats with a powerful sense of social responsibility and morality. He is also engaging and humane. These good qualities often blind readers to his other traits. He, in my opinion, is a selfish, power hungry, and attention grabbing fool. He never asks for help even when he needs it, he prefers recognition rather than doing the right thing, and he puts others at danger to prove himself worthy. As a young man, he is a bit wild and reckless, who swims for seven days in the open sea to satisfy a foolish wager. Beowulf later admits that it was his false pride that made him accept the bet. When Hrothgar asks Beowulf to fight Grendel, he does not hesitate. His only request is that if he is killed, his armor should be returned to Hygelac, for he is loyal to the King of Geatland. Once Grendel has been wounded and chased away, Beowulf agrees to fight Grendel's mother, who want s vengeance for her son's death. When he succeeds in killing her, he severs her head and the head of the dead Grendel to show as a symbol of his success and bravery. At a young age, Beowulf was strong. He was physically and mentally able to fight Grendel and Grendel's mother. He triumphed over them and won great fame. But this all went straight to his head. 50 years later, as an old and weak man, he puts himself at risk once again to fight the dragon. His mental and physical stamina are nowhere near his old self, but being stubborn, he fights the dragon anyway.

A Brief Description Of Aldosterone

The body’s adrenal gland is responsible for the secretion of the steroid hormone aldosterone. The latter’s main function is to regulate and balance water and salt in the human system (otherwise known as the electrolyte metabolism of the body). As an extremely potent hormone, aldosterone promotes sodium retention and enhances potassium excretion in the system. The hormone also helps regulate blood pressure and bodily fluids; hence if the aldosterone levels are low or too high, symptoms can result.Aldosterone directly acts on the kidneys’ tubules and controls their reabsorption of more sodium and water from the urine. Secretion of potassium in the tubule replaces the sodium, which is then reabsorbed. Another function of the hormone is to operate on a person’s central nervous system to influence the increase of a person’s appetite for salt and their thirst. Aldosterone secretion is the result of two different bodily mechanisms. It is hypothesized that if sodium concentrates in the system are severely limited, it may cause increased rates of aldosterone.Another theory is that reduced blood flow to the kidney engages it to release the enzyme rennin which then converts inactive globulin in the blood. Other than these, studies showed that the hormone may have other target cells than originally remarked on. The editors of the Kidney International Journal in 2000 (Farman and Verrey) commented on Dr. Haim Garty’s observation that there is â€Å"Aldosterone action in non-epithelial cells. † Hence it is seen that aside from the kidneys, the hormone is also linked to the central nervous and cardiovascular systems as well as various membrane lipids.Amplified levels of aldosterone secretion often cause salt retention which in turn results in edema. Extremely high levels of the hormone can result to high blood pressure, muscle cramps and over-all fatigue. On the other hand, low levels may be an indicator of diabetes. It is prove n that the variation of the hormone levels are influenced by the person’s sex as well as the amount of sodium consumed in his or her daily diet. Pregnancy may lead to higher levels of aldosterone in women. Other symptoms of higher than normal levels of aldosterone may also result to primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism.Primary hyperaldosteronism is considered as a rare syndrome caused by an abnormality in the adrenal gland. More often than not, the gland is affected by a benign tumor and this often transpires between t hags of 30 and 50 years old. Secondary hyperaldosteronism is generally related to high blood pressure and other disorders such as cardiac failure, cirrhosis of the liver and nephritic syndrome. Various mechanisms affect the disease and causes the imbalance of the hormone’s levels in the human system.Another extremely rare disease linked to aldosterone is the Barrter syndrome which also affects the kidneys. Patients diagnosed with the Barrter Syndrome experiences loss of potassium and an increase in aldosterone. This results to potassium wasting where the kidneys remove far too much necessary potassium from the body. Incidentally, there are tests to check the aldosterone levels in the body. It is often don concurrently with other blood tests or provocative tests to determine over or under production of the hormone.

The, Your Body Language Shapes Who You Are By Amy Cuddy

Almost every night, my parents would tell me to sit up straight when we were eating at the dinner table, and they would say it would help me digest. Also, in high school when I would walk through the halls between classes, many of my friends would compliment me on my posture. I thought it was the strangest thing to compliment someone on. The title â€Å"Your Body Language Shapes Who You Are,† brought back these memories; therefore, I was interested to see what Amy Cuddy had to say. Cuddy is a social psychologist and a business professor at Princeton. In the TED Talk â€Å"Your Body Language Shapes Who You Are,† Amy Cuddy discusses the reasons to use power posing, and it could affect the mind for better success in our lives. Altogether, the discussion was well structured and it started with involvement from the large crowd. Cuddy asks how they are sitting in their seats during the moment. â€Å"We’re fascinated with body language, and we’re particularly interested in other people’s body language† (Cuddy). In short, we have judgements of other people’s nonverbal communication. When she said body language is communication and people can judge for it, I do agree that it is communication to an extent, and not everyone notices body language. For example, many children and teens may not care to acknowledge, unless it was over exaggerated and distracting. She gave two great examples to support her reasoning from research studies: â€Å"Nalini Ambady, a researcher at Tufts University, shows that whenShow MoreRelatedNonverbal Behavior And Body Language852 Words   |  4 PagesAfter watching Amy Cuddy’s TED talk I feel privileged to have access to some very important ins ight regarding interpersonal communication. This TED talk revolves around the idea of nonverbal behavior, particularly posture and body language, and how these â€Å"poses† communicate things with others about ourselves. It is very accurate to say that individuals around you will perceive you in a certain way depending on your body language. Amy Cuddy begins her talk by mentioning, â€Å"When we think about nonverbalRead MoreWhy Communication Is Key, Do Words Open Doors?961 Words   |  4 Pageswithout effective communication, a message can turn into error or misunderstanding by being misinterpreted or poorly delivered. (Skills You Need. 2016. Communication Skills. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.skillsyouneed.com/general/communication-skills.html. [Accessed 1 August 2016].) Various forms of communication consist of: Verbal, Non-Verbal such as body language and gestures, Written Communication through the use of letters, books or magazines, and Visualisation. Each form of communication consistsRead MoreWho Are You Calling Old? Negotiating Old Age Identity in the Elderly Consumption Ensemble Michelle Barnhart Àà º Lisa Penaloza18943 Words   |  76 PagesWho Are You Calling Old? Negotiating Old Age Identity in the Elderly Consumption Ensemble MICHELLE BARNHART ËÅ" LISA PENALOZA As the elderly population increases, more family, friends, and paid service providers assist them with consumption activities in a group that the authors conceptualize as the elderly consumption ensemble (ECE). Interviews with members of eight ECEs demonstrate consumption in advanced age as a group phenomenon rather than an individual one, provide an account of how the practices

Summary Of Night By Eli Wiesel - 1561 Words

Night by Eli Wiesel Amrinder Bhuller P.2 Author: The author of Night is Elie Wiesel. In my opinion, he did a very good job in writing this story! Eli was born on September 30, 1928. Eli is currently 86 and has written a lot of books. Eli had served as a prisoner Auschwitz and other concentration camps. He wrote all his experiences in this book. The Night talks about his experiences in these concentration camps and all he went through. Everything is probably historically correct because he went through all this and he wrote the book because of what happened to him. He is currently a Jewish-American professor. Point Of View: The point of view of the story is in first person. The author himself has went through all of this and†¦show more content†¦The title technically explains how the lives of the Jews were during this time period. They never had a good day during this time period when Hitler was trying to kill them(World War II). Everyday hundreds of Jews were captured or killed. The Jews had to run away a lot. Everyday, despite the sun may be out it was darkness for them. They couldn t get out of the darkness! Then when Hitler gets stopped, a ray of hope is emerged. The Jews were finally able to live their lives and finally have the darkness go away. Hitler had surrounded their lives with darkness because he was trying to eliminate all Jews. Hitler died and the Jews had nothing to be scared of except for God. Figurative language: There wasn t maybe figurative languages besides smilies but I did find some. An example of a simile in the book is: The barbed wire that encircled us like a wall did not fit us with real fear.(Page 11). The simile refers to that the Jews were basically in a camp in which they were surrounded by a barbed wire. This simile is a big factor because it shows that the people are trapped with wires around them giving them no chance to escape. Another example is figurative language was personification. I believe it is important to emphasize how strongly I feel that books, just like people, have a destiny. (Page 17). This is an example of personification because the author is relating a non living object to something that a living object has. We, people, have a destiny and no

Essay on Two Kinds - 1194 Words

The story â€Å"Two Kinds,† written by Amy Tan, has a plot that many people can relate to while growing up as a child. The theme of the story is that there are two kinds of people: the one the mother wants her to be and the one Jing-mei (the protagonist and narrator of the story) strives to be. Both mother and daughter in the story have a very complicated relationship. The mother believes that you could become anything you wanted in America. The author emphasizes that Jing-mei’s mother tries to dominate and control her life in every possible way you can imagine. For example her mother’s persistent ways in trying to make her into something she’s not a â€Å"prodigy†, as well as making her take piano lessons so she can win against one of her mother’s†¦show more content†¦Jing-mei’s mother wants her daughter to have every advantage in this growing land of opportunity by reinforcing her to try harder in school so she could have ac ademic excellence as Liz Brent states â€Å"The tone of this opening paragraph introduces an element of irony in the narrators attitude toward her mothers vision of America as a place where you could become anything you wanted to be. Everything sounds too simple and too easily achieved†(Overview 1).Once again America is referred as the country of opportunities and where dreams come true while working hard and being dedicated to chores and the development of activities that involve a highly paid or talented future. At first the mother thought the daughter was able enough to be the next Chinese Shirley Temple, by making her watch old movies as if they were training videos. So she took her to a beauty training school to get her hair done like Shirley Temple but instead looked like Peter Pan. Not only acting was involved in this situation. Memorizing capitals and states, multiplying numbers, finding the queen of hearts in a deck of cards, standing on her head without hands, predicting daily temperatures in certain states, reading three minutes from the bible and restating a summarize, were simple choresShow MoreRelatedTwo Kinds2009 Words   |  9 Pagess story Two Kinds is a battle of wills between the narrator, a young Chinese American girl, and her mother, a Chinese immigrant. Two Kinds is a coming-of-age story, in which the narrator, Jing-mei, struggles to forge her own sense of identity in the face of her strong-willed mother s dream that she become a prodigy. Jing-mei is caught between her C hinese mother s traditional ideas about how to raise a daughter, and her own development as a Chinese American girl straddling two cultures. Read MoreTwo Kinds822 Words   |  4 PagesID# 1723801 English 103-276 January 17, 2011-01-17 Two Kinds Amy Tan In the short story â€Å"Two Kinds†, Amy Tan uses the narrator’s point of view to share a mothers attempt to control her daughters dreams and ambitions. Tan`s short story is an example of how differing personalities cause struggles between a parent and child. Children often fall victim to a parent trying too hard or expectations being too high, and in the case of Two Kinds, we see Jing Mei’s mother trying to live her life throughRead MoreTwo Kinds1095 Words   |  5 Pages Two Kinds is a wonderful little short story about a immigrant Chinese woman in the mid 1950’s to early 1960’s that moved to Chinatown in California to give herself a better opportunity to make it in America. In the story we see the Amy’s mother as a woman who already has dealt with her fair share of pain and disappointment. Jeng-mei mothers entire family seemed to have been wiped out before she came to America from China Jeng-mei explains â€Å" she had come to S an Francisco in 1949 after losingRead MoreTwo Kinds1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe story starts off with the daughter narrating the story talking of her mothers tragedy in China; The mother who lost her mother, father, husband , and her two twin babies was trying to start over and give her child the American dream. The daughter the one telling the story was very as the story began about becoming famous. The mother on the other hand goes to all lengths to try to find her daughters talents. The characters in the story are the mother who played a huge role, although her nameRead MoreTwo Kinds of Interpretations in Amy Tan’s Short Story Two Kinds1285 Words   |  5 PagesOften times mothers can be pushy, annoying, and a bit overbearing but in the long run they always just want what is best for their child. Everyone wants their child to be the best, most popular and overall number one. In Amy Tan’s short story â€Å"Two Kinds† we see this type of fame hungry mother. The short story is about a Chinese family who lost everything. The mother had lost her entire family full of children except for the one in the story. With the belief â€Å"you could be anything you want in America†Read More`` Two Kinds By Amy Tan1460 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Two Kinds† by Amy Tan is a story that shows a battle that starts with the narrator and her mother, for control over the narrator’s life. Her mother wanted her t o become a prodigy, but she wanted to be anything other than that. So, throughout the short story â€Å"Two Kinds† she’s determined to not quit the fight. â€Å"Two Kinds† is filled with different forms of conflict which allows for the narrator to realize that her mother’s crazy antics were to help her find what she was good at. Which leadsRead MoreThe Two Kinds By Amy Tan1272 Words   |  6 Pagesimmigrants, experience a cultural conflict between that of their parents and that of mainstream U.S. society† (Wikipedia 1). Amy Tan the author of â€Å"Two Kinds†, and the young character in the story both are a second generation immigrants, who have struggled in their life with parents, about the culture they assimilating and their real culture. In the â€Å"Two Kinds† story the author illustrates the struggle between her American cultural identity, and her mother’s Chinese culture, as like the characters inRead MoreTwo Kinds by Amy Tan968 Words   |  4 PagesTwo Kinds The story Two Kinds by Amy Tan represents the theme that parents cannot control their children, but can only guide them. A Chinese mother and daughter Ni Kan are at odds with each other in story. The mother pushes her daughter to become a prodigy of some sort, her daughter does try to follow her mother s orders but has she gets older she realizes she wants to find her own self and not to be what her mother wants her to be. They both have conflicting values, which is the theme of theRead MoreTwo Kinds Point of View637 Words   |  3 PagesThe short story, â€Å"Two Kinds†, written by Amy Tan, is written from the point of view of the character named Jing-Mei. There are three experiences which demonstrate her viewpoint. In the first experience, Jing-Mei is being told by her mom about the â€Å"American dream†. At first, she strives to pursue this prodigy. Her mom would test her every night after dinner. Through Jing-Mei’s eyes, she starts to realize that it was not the life she wanted to live. Lines in the story illustrate this when he says â€Å"IRead MoreTwo Kinds By Amy Tan859 Words   |  4 PagesEssay on â€Å"Two Kinds† Type your essay on â€Å"Two Kinds† below: Title The short story â€Å"Two Kinds,† written by Amy Tan, focuses on the struggles of a young protagonist named Jing-mei trying to find herself without the influences and pressure of others. Aldous Huxley once said, â€Å"One believes things because one has been conditioned to believe them.† This relates to the story in significant ways because when Jing-mei’s mother moved to America in hopes of a better future, Jing-mei is pushed to be the

Epigenetics And Inheritable Disease Biology Essay Example For Students

Epigenetics And Inheritable Disease Biology Essay The survey of heritable familial information that is separate from the sequence of bases on DNA is known as epigenetics. This is a quickly spread outing field of survey affecting chemical alterations in the chromosomes, and associated proteins, that can straight impact the phenotype of a eucaryotic cell via alterations in cistron look. The systems associated with epigenetics and epigenetic alterations of the eucaryotic genome are influenced by many factors. They can be inherited, environmentally altered or a merchandise of stochastic events. Epigenetics has profound deductions on familial disease, with minor defects in epigenetic mechanism doing terrible disease phenotypes. Due to the ability of epigenetic alterations to change the cistron look profile of a cell at that place has been much research into possible epigenetic drug therapies to battle epigenetic and non-epigenetic diseases. This paper reviews the mechanism of epigenetics and their dealingss to disease and possible therap ies. Outline1 What is Epigenetics?2 Mechanism of Epigenetic alterations3 Inheritance4 Association with disease5 Decision6 Discussion What is Epigenetics? Epigenetics is the field of survey that encompasses heritable information associated with the eucaryotic genome that is separate from sequence of bases present on the Deoxyribonucleic acid. Epigenetics can be described as the procedure by which a phenotype is altered, due to alterations in cistron look, that are caused by a mechanism other than a alteration in the Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence. These alterations can be heritable and comparatively stable, permanent much longer than most DNA mutants ( Calvanese et Al. 2009 ) . Epigenetic alterations have been reported as stable, but they are besides controlled by changing factors which include environmental, physiological and pathological factors ( Calvanese et Al. 2009 ) therefore they are capable to alter during a cells life-time. Epigenetic alterations are one of the major factors in finding cell distinction during early development. Diseases that are associated with epigenetic alterations can be both familial ( associated with dev elopmental defects ) and demo late-onset phenotypes ( due to interactions between the epigenome, the genome and the environment ) ( Feinberg 2007 ) . Mechanism of Epigenetic alterations There are many mechanisms that contribute to epigenetic alterations in the eucaryotic genome, but two chief types dominate and therefore the bulk of work has focused on these two. These alterations are DNA methylation and histone alterations. Histone alteration Histones can be modified by methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, sumoylation, proline isomerization and ubiquitination ( Calvanese et Al. 2009 ) . Nucleosomes act as general transcriptional repressers, doing the demand for activators at all eucaryotic boosters. Histone acetylation reduces the affinity of the nucleosomes for Deoxyribonucleic acid by acetylizing the lysine residues of the histone tails. This reduces the positive charge of the histones and hence reduces its affinity to DNA ( which is positively charged ) , get the better ofing the general inhibitory action of nucleosomes and leting activation of written text. Sin3 and NuRD are illustrations of proteins, which are known as histone deacetylases ( HDACs ) . HDACs act as transcriptional repressers by suppressing and change by reversaling histone acetylation. Proteins with HAT activity ( Histone Acetyl Transferase activity ) acetylate histones, and hence act as transcriptional activators. Certain repressers ( e.g. RB protein ) recruit histone methyltransferases, which methylate histones doing the Deoxyribonucleic acid to be repressed due to condensation. Upon methylation histones recruit hushing proteins ( e.g. HPI ) that help distribute the methylation throughout the chromatin, doing widespread repression. DNA methylation is the procedure by which a methyl group is added to the aromatic ring of a Deoxyribonucleic acid base. This is restricted to the 5-carbon of the C ring of a CpG dinucleotide in mammals ( Calvanese et Al. 2009 ) . Calvanese et Al. reported that about 5 % of C bases are altered to 5-methylcytosine in higher eucaryotes, and that the CpG dinucleotide is extremely under-represented in the eukaryote genome. There are certain countries in the eucaryotic genome with a clearly high proportion of the CpG dinucleotide. These countries are known as CpG islands, and are found in about 40 % of boosters of human cistrons ( Calvanese et Al. 2009 ) . Two types of methylases in higher eucaryotes methylate these booster parts. Hemi-methylases are one category, they act as care methylases by retaining the methyl group, which has already been added to the C during DNA reproduction. These hemi-methylases keep the form of cistron methylation constant through the being life-time, and allows accurate heritage of the methylation profile. The other category of methylase ( as of yet unknown ) is defined by a procedure, yet to be to the full described, by which a C base is to be methylated in the first topographic point. college tuition EssayMonogenic epigenetic diseases can be put in one of two categories. In the first category there are cistrons that are regulated epigenetically, for illustration imprinted or diseases impacting the whole epigenome. These can be qualifiers of methylation or acetylation ( Feinberg 2007 ) . Beckwith-Wieldemann Syndrome is a monogenic epigenetic disease that affects cistrons that are regulated epigenetically. This disease is characterised by pre-natal giantism amongst other developmental deformities and malignant neoplastic diseases ( Feinberg 2007 ) . Patients enduring from this disease show defects in forming of two subdomains on 11p15. H19/IGF2 ( imprinted, motherly expressed, untranslated mRNA/insulin-like growing factor 2 ) is the first, it is methylated on the parental allelomorph, but non on the maternal. The 2nd subdomain constitutes many spheres ( p57KIP2, TSSC3, SLC22A1, KvLQT1 and LIT1 ) , the subdomain being methylated merely upstream of LIT1 on the mater nal, but non the paternal allelomorph ( Feinberg 2007 ) . Small omissions in these parts cause Beckwith-Wieldemann Syndrome. The 2nd category of epigenetic diseases involves cistrons involved in epigenetic ordinance of other cistrons. For illustration mutants of the methyl CpG-binding protein 2 ( MeCP2 ) cistron, encoding a methylated Deoxyribonucleic acid adhering protein ( known as Rett Syndrome ) causes break of neurodevelopment in subsequently childhood and is finally an autism spectrum upset ( hypertext transfer protocol: //allpsych.com/disorders/dsm.html ) . Due to the increased apprehension of the epigenome, drugs aiming epigenetic breaks are presently being trailed. Mack ( 2006 ) discusses two categories of epigenetic modifying agents, which are presently being trailed for clinical intervention of malignant neoplastic diseases, for illustration the intervention of myelodysplasia. Decision Epigenetic alterations are critical for the right development of eucaryotic cells and their subsequent distinction. Although epigenetic alterations are an of import portion of the cells familial machinery, it underlines another country of genetic sciences with possible to be riotous to the cell if it is non right maintained. There are many different types of epigenetic alterations, runing from DNA methylation to histone acetylation, all lending to construct a profile of cistron look that is unaffected by the sequence of bases on the Deoxyribonucleic acid. This allows for much finer control of cistron look and finally the phenotype of the cell than if it was left to the sequence of DNA entirely. Discussion Although recent research has implicated environmental factors in epigenetic alterations ( such as nutritionary addendums, low dosage radiation and alien chemicals ) , the bulk of epigenetic alterations are non entirely environmentally controlled. Despite the fact that most epigenetic alterations are non particularly due to environmental factors, epigenetic alterations are really a support for the Lamarckism theory of development. This theory stated that an intrinsic driver caused development of certain traits, with the classical illustration being the prolongation of the giraffeaa‚Â ¬a„?s cervix to make richer nutrient beginnings, which were higher up. Therefore epigenetics is a molecular mechanism for Lamarckism. Although this does non turn out the theory, it does add more authority to the statement, increasing guess on the affair. It is now understood that stochastic events can hold a profound consequence on the phenotype of a eucaryotic cell. They can be cumulative ( due to being heritable ) and recent grounds shows rapid choice for certain stochastic events in response to environmental force per unit area ( Bjornsson et al. 2004 ) . Even though epigenome targeted drugs are being trialled, there is still a long manner to travel before the drugs may go widely available. The chief job with an epigenetic drug is that it may heighten or hush a big assortment of cistrons whilst impacting its mark cistron. This may do even more terrible diseases and upsets, or perchance base on balls on an unfavorable epigenetic profile to the offspring, which is a impermanent hole, perchance taking to worse jobs in the hereafter. ( Bjornsson et al. 2004 ; Mack 2006 ; Waterland A ; Jirtle 2003 ; Waterland et al. 2006 ; Feinberg 2007 ; Anway et Al. 2005 ; Harper 2005 ; Masterpasqua 2009 ; Rodenhiser A ; Mann 2006 ; Boks et Al. 2009 ; H et Al. n.d. ; Calvanese et Al. 2009 )